精通Three.js：WebGL的JavaScript 3D库实战指南

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"Learning Three.js the JavaScript 3D Library for WebGL" 本书《Learning Three.js - the JavaScript 3D Library for WebGL》是Three.js开发指南的第二版，由Jos Dirksen撰写，旨在帮助读者在浏览器中创建令人惊叹的3D图形。Three.js是一个广泛使用的JavaScript库，专门用于WebGL技术，它允许开发者在网页环境中实现3D图形的交互和展示。 Three.js的核心知识点包括： 1. **WebGL基础**：WebGL是一种JavaScript API，它在浏览器中实现了OpenGL ES 2.0，使开发者能够在不借助插件的情况下进行3D图形渲染。WebGL基于OpenGL标准，但简化了与JavaScript的集成，使得Web上的3D图形变得更加易用和普及。 2. **Three.js入门**：Three.js库简化了WebGL编程的复杂性，提供了一系列预定义的对象、材料、光照等，使得创建3D场景变得简单。学习Three.js需要了解如何初始化场景、相机、光源以及如何添加几何体。 3. **几何体和形状**：Three.js支持多种几何体，如立方体、球体、圆柱体等，以及自定义几何数据。开发者可以创建复杂的3D模型，通过组合不同的形状和调整参数来实现。 4. **材质和纹理**：在Three.js中，材质定义了物体表面的外观，而纹理则为这些材质提供了细节。学习如何应用不同类型的材质（如基本材质、金属材质、多材质）和纹理（如颜色、图片、视频纹理）至关重要。 5. **光照**：在3D场景中，光照是影响视觉效果的关键因素。Three.js提供了多种类型的灯光，如点光源、方向光和聚光灯，开发者需要学习如何设置和控制这些光源，以营造出真实感的3D环境。 6. **动画和交互**：Three.js支持帧动画和基于时间的动画，允许开发者创建动态3D场景。同时，可以通过监听用户输入事件实现与3D对象的交互，例如点击、拖动和旋转。 7. **摄像机控制**：理解如何设置和控制相机视角是创建沉浸式体验的关键。Three.js提供了多种相机类型，如透视相机和平面投影相机，以及相机控制器来方便用户在3D空间中导航。 8. **加载外部3D模型**：Three.js支持导入和显示3D模型文件格式，如OBJ、FBX、GLTF等。这使得开发者可以从其他3D建模软件中导入现有的模型。 9. **性能优化**：随着3D场景变得越来越复杂，性能优化成为必要。学习如何减少渲染开销，如使用LOD（级别细节）、批处理渲染和适当的缓存策略，可以提升用户体验。 10. **物理模拟**：虽然Three.js本身并不包含完整的物理引擎，但可以与其他库（如Cannon.js或Physi.js）结合，实现碰撞检测和刚体动力学，增加3D场景的真实感。《Learning Three.js》一书深入浅出地介绍了Three.js库，无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中受益，提升你的3D图形编程技能。通过这本书，你可以掌握在HTML5环境中构建引人入胜的3D应用程序的所有关键知识点。

[ vii ]

Preface

In the last couple of years, browsers have become more powerful and are capable

platforms to deliver complex applications and graphics. Most of these, though, are

standard 2D graphics. Most modern browsers have adopted WebGL, which allows

you to not just create 2D applications and graphics in the browser, but also create

beautiful and good performing 3D applications using the capabilities of the GPU.

Programming WebGL directly, however, is very complex. You need to know the

inner details of WebGL and learn a complex shader language to get the most out of

WebGL. Three.js provides a very easy to use JavaScript API around the features of

WebGL, so you can create beautiful 3D graphics without having to learn WebGL

in detail.

Three.js provides a large number of features and APIs that you can use to create 3D

scenes directly in your browser. In this book, you'll learn all the different APIs Three.

js has to offer through lots of interactive examples and code samples.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Creating Your First 3D Scene with Three.js, covers the basic steps you need

to take to get started with Three.js. You'll immediately create your rst Three.js scene

and at the end of this chapter, you'll be able to create and animate your rst 3D scene

directly in your browser.

Chapter 2, Basic Components That Make Up a Three.js Scene, explains the basic

components that you need to understand when working with Three.js. You'll learn

about lights, meshes, geometries, materials, and cameras. In this chapter, you will

also get an overview of the different lights Three.js provides and the cameras you

can use in your scene.

Preface

[ viii ]

Chapter 3, Working with the Different Light Sources Available in Three.js, dives deeper

into the different lights you can use in your scene. It shows examples and explains

how to use a spotlight, a direction light, an ambient light, a point light, a hemisphere

light, and an area light. Additionally, it also shows how to apply a lens are effect on

your light source.

Chapter 4, Working with Three.js Materials, talks about the materials available in

Three.js that you can use on your meshes. It shows all the properties you can set to

congure the materials for your specic use and provides interactive examples to

experiment with the materials that are available in Three.js.

Chapter 5, Learning to Work with Geometries, is the rst of two chapters that explores

all the geometries that are provided by Three.js. In this chapter, you'll learn how to

create and congure geometries in Three.js and can experiment using the provided

interactive examples with geometries (such as plane, circle, shape, cube, sphere,

cylinder, torus, torusknot, and polyhedron).

Chapter 6, Advanced Geometries and Binary Operations, continues where Chapter 5,

Learning to Work with Geometries, left off. It shows you how to congure and use the

more advanced geometries provided by Three.js such as convex and lathe. In this

chapter, you'll also learn how to extrude 3D geometries from 2D shapes, and how

you can create new geometries by combining geometries using binary operations.

Chapter 7, Particles, Sprites, and the Point Cloud, explains how to use a point cloud

from Three.js. You'll learn how to create a point cloud from scratch and from existing

geometries. In this chapter, you'll also learn how you can modify the way the

individual points look through the use of sprites and point cloud materials.

Chapter 8, Creating and Loading Advanced Meshes and Geometries, shows you how to

import meshes and geometries from external sources. You'll learn how to use Three.

js' internal JSON format to save geometries and scenes. This chapter also explains

how to load models from formats such as OBJ, DAE, STL, CTM, PLY, and many

more.

Chapter 9, Animations and Moving the Camera, explores the various types of animations

you can use to make your scene come alive. You'll learn how to use the Tween.js

library together with Three.js, and how to work with animation models based on

morphs and skeletons.

Chapter 10, Loading and Working with Textures, expands on Chapter 4, Working with

Three.js Materials, where materials were introduced. In this chapter, we dive into

the details of textures. This chapter introduces the various types of textures that

are available and how you can control how a texture is applied to your mesh.

Additionally, in this chapter, you are shown how you can directly use the output

from HTML5 video and canvas elements as input for your textures.

Preface

[ ix ]

Chapter 11, Custom Shaders and Render Postprocessing, explores how you can use Three.

js to apply postprocessing effects to your rendered scene. With postprocessing, you

can apply effects such as blur, tiltshift, sepia, and so on, to your rendered scene.

Besides this, you'll also learn how to create your own postprocessing effect and

create a custom vertex and fragment shader.

Chapter 12, Adding Physics and Sounds to Your Scene, explains how you can add

physics to your Three.js scene. With physics, you can detect collisions between

objects, make them respond to gravity, and apply friction. This chapter shows you

how to do this with the Physijs JavaScript library. Additionally, this chapter also

shows you how you can add positional audio to a Three.js scene.

What you need for this book

All you need for this book is a text editor (for example, Sublime) to play around with

the examples and a modern web browser to access these examples. Some examples

require a local web server, but you'll learn in Chapter 1, Creating Your First 3D Scene

with Three.js, how to set up a very lightweight web server to use with the examples in

this book.

Who this book is for

This book is great for everyone who already knows JavaScript and wants to

start with creating 3D graphics that run in any browser. You don't need to know

anything about advanced math or WebGL; all that is needed is a general knowledge

of JavaScript and HTML. The required materials and examples can be freely

downloaded, and all tools used in this book are open source. So, if you ever want

to learn how to create beautiful, interactive 3D graphics that run in any modern

browser, this is the book for you.

Conventions

In this book, you will nd a number of text styles that distinguish between different

kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of

their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, lenames, le extensions,

pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:

"You can see in this code that besides setting the map property, we also set the

bumpMap property to a texture."

Preface

[ xi ]

Reader feedback

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Errata

Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes

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