优化MySQL性能：High Performance MySQL 2nd Edition

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"High Performance MySQL 2nd Edition 是一本关于优化MySQL性能的专业书籍，获得了积极的评价。这本书由O'Reilly出版，与之相关的其他资源包括一系列的MySQL参考手册、PHP和PostgreSQL的教程，以及.NET和数据库应用的著作。此外，O'Reilly还提供了在线平台如Safari Bookshelf，供读者搜索和订阅超过1000本相关技术书籍的在线参考库。" 《High Performance MySQL 2nd Edition》是MySQL性能优化领域的权威指南，旨在帮助读者深入理解如何最大化利用MySQL数据库系统的效能。书中涵盖了广泛的主题，包括但不限于： 1. **性能调优策略**：讨论了如何通过查询优化、索引设计、数据库架构调整、内存配置和存储引擎选择来提升MySQL的运行效率。 2. **复制与高可用性**：讲解了MySQL的复制机制，如何设置和管理复制，以及如何构建高可用性的数据库集群，以确保数据的安全性和服务的连续性。 3. **并发控制与事务处理**：深入探讨了MySQL的事务处理模型，分析了不同隔离级别对并发性能的影响，并给出了优化并发性能的最佳实践。 4. **备份与恢复策略**：详述了如何制定有效的备份计划，以及在数据丢失或系统故障时进行快速恢复的方法。 5. **安全性与权限管理**：讨论了如何设置用户权限，保护数据库免受攻击，并实现安全的访问控制。 6. **性能监控与分析**：介绍了多种工具和方法，用于监控MySQL的性能指标，定位性能瓶颈，并进行问题排查。 7. **扩展性与负载均衡**：探讨了如何通过负载均衡和分区策略来扩展MySQL，以应对高并发和大数据量的挑战。除此之外，O'Reilly出版社提供的其他相关书籍如《Managing and Using MySQL》、《MySQL Cookbook™》和《PHP Cookbok™》等，可以作为学习和工作中补充知识的好资源。同时，O'Reilly的在线平台Safari Bookshelf提供了丰富的技术文献，用户可以随时随地查阅和学习，这对于持续更新技能和解决问题非常有帮助。《High Performance MySQL 2nd Edition》不仅是一本深度解析MySQL性能优化的宝典，也是数据库管理员、开发人员和系统架构师不可或缺的参考资料，有助于他们在实际工作中实现更高效、更可靠的数据库解决方案。

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xiv

Preface

Making Your Application Reliable

The best-designed, most scalable architecture in the world is no good if it can’t sur-

vive power outages, malicious attacks, application bugs or programmer mistakes,

and other disasters.

In Chapter 11, Backup and Recovery, we discuss various backup and recovery strate-

gies for your MySQL databases. These strategies will help minimize your downtime

in the event of inevitable hardware failure and ensure that your data survives such

catastrophes.

Chapter 12, Security, provides you with a firm grasp of some of the security issues

involved in running a MySQL server. More importantly, we offer many suggestions

to allow you to prevent outside parties from harming the servers you’ve spent all this

time trying to configure and optimize. We explain some of the rarely explored areas

of database security, showing both the benefits and performance impacts of various

practices. Usually, in terms of performance, it pays to keep security policies simple.

Miscellaneous Useful Topics

In the last few chapters and the book’s appendixes, we delve into several topics that

either don’t “fit” in any of the earlier chapters or are referenced often enough in mul-

tiple chapters that they deserve a bit of special attention.

Chapter 13, MySQL Server Status shows you how to inspect your MySQL server.

Knowing how to get status information from the server is important; knowing what

that information means is even more important. We cover

SHOW INNODB STATUS in par-

ticular detail, because it provides deep insight into the operations of the InnoDB

transactional storage engine.

Chapter 14, Tools for High Performance covers tools you can use to manage MySQL

more efficiently. These include monitoring and analysis tools, tools that help you

write queries, and so on. This chapter covers the Maatkit tools Baron created, which

can enhance MySQL’s functionality and make your life as a database administrator

easier. It also demonstrates a program called innotop, which Baron wrote as an easy-

to-use interface to what your MySQL server is presently doing. It functions much like

the Unix top command and can be invaluable at all phases of the tuning process to

monitor what’s happening inside MySQL and its storage engines.

Appendix A, Transferring Large Files, shows you how to copy very large files from

place to place efficiently—a must if you are going to manage large volumes of data.

Appendix B, Using EXPLAIN, shows you how to really use and understand the all-

important

EXPLAIN command. Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL, is an intro-

duction to Sphinx, a high-performance full-text indexing system that can comple-

ment MySQL’s own abilities. And finally, Appendix D, Debugging Locks, shows you

Preface

how to decipher what’s going on when queries are requesting locks that interfere

with each other.

Software Versions and Availability

MySQL is a moving target. In the years since Jeremy wrote the outline for the first edi-

tion of this book, numerous releases of MySQL have appeared. MySQL 4.1 and 5.0

were available only as alpha versions when the first edition went to press, but these

versions have now been in production for years, and they are the backbone of many of

today’s large online applications. As we completed this second edition, MySQL 5.1

and 6.0 were the bleeding edge instead. (MySQL 5.1 is a release candidate, and 6.0 is

alpha.)

We didn’t rely on one single version of MySQL for this book. Instead, we drew on

our extensive collective knowledge of MySQL in the real world. The core of the book

is focused on MySQL 5.0, because that’s what we consider the “current” version.

Most of our examples assume you’re running some reasonably mature version of

MySQL 5.0, such as MySQL 5.0.40 or newer. We have made an effort to note fea-

tures or functionalities that may not exist in older releases or that may exist only in

the upcoming 5.1 series. However, the definitive reference for mapping features to

specific versions is the MySQL documentation itself. We expect that you’ll find your-

self visiting the annotated online documentation (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/) from

time to time as you read this book.

Another great aspect of MySQL is that it runs on all of today’s popular platforms:

Mac OS X, Windows, GNU/Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, you name it! However, we are

biased toward GNU/Linux

and other Unix-like operating systems. Windows users

are likely to encounter some differences. For example, file paths are completely dif-

ferent. We also refer to standard Unix command-line utilities; we assume you know

the corresponding commands in Windows.

†

Perl is the other rough spot when dealing with MySQL on Windows. MySQL comes

with several useful utilities that are written in Perl, and certain chapters in this book

present example Perl scripts that form the basis of more complex tools you’ll build.

Maatkit is also written in Perl. However, Perl isn’t included with Windows. In order

to use these scripts, you’ll need to download a Windows version of Perl from

ActiveState and install the necessary add-on modules (

DBI and DBD::mysql) for

MySQL access.

* To avoid confusion, we refer to Linux when we are writing about the kernel, and GNU/Linux when we are

writing about the whole operating system infrastructure that supports applications.

† You can get Windows-compatible versions of Unix utilities at http://unxutils.sourceforge.net or http://

gnuwin32.sourceforge.net.

xviii

Preface

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

Sphinx developer Andrew Aksyonoff wrote Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL

We’d like to thank him first for his in-depth discussion.

We have received invaluable help from many people while writing this book. It’s

impossible to list everyone who gave us help—we really owe thanks to the entire

MySQL community and everyone at MySQL AB. However, here’s a list of people

who contributed directly, with apologies if we’ve missed anyone: Tobias Asplund,

Igor Babaev, Pascal Borghino, Roland Bouman, Ronald Bradford, Mark Callaghan,

Jeremy Cole, Britt Crawford and the HiveDB Project, Vasil Dimov, Harrison Fisk,

Florian Haas, Dmitri Joukovski and Zmanda (thanks for the diagram explaining

LVM snapshots), Alan Kasindorf, Sheeri Kritzer Cabral, Marko Makela, Giuseppe

Maxia, Paul McCullagh, B. Keith Murphy, Dhiren Patel, Sergey Petrunia, Alexander

Rubin, Paul Tuckfield, Heikki Tuuri, and Michael “Monty” Widenius.

A special thanks to Andy Oram and Isabel Kunkle, our editor and assistant editor at

O’Reilly, and to Rachel Wheeler, the copyeditor. Thanks also to the rest of the

O’Reilly staff.

From Baron

I would like to thank my wife Lynn Rainville and our dog Carbon. If you’ve written a

book, I’m sure you know how grateful I am to them. I also owe a huge debt of grati-

tude to Alan Rimm-Kaufman and my colleagues at the Rimm-Kaufman Group for

their support and encouragement during this project. Thanks to Peter, Vadim, and

Arjen for giving me the opportunity to make this dream come true. And thanks to

Jeremy and Derek for breaking the trail for us.

From Peter

I’ve been doing MySQL performance and scaling presentations, training, and con-

sulting for years, and I’ve always wanted to reach a wider audience, so I was very

excited when Andy Oram approached me to work on this book. I have not written a

book before, so I wasn’t prepared for how much time and effort it required. We first

started talking about updating the first edition to cover recent versions of MySQL,

but we wanted to add so much material that we ended up rewriting most of the

book.

This book is truly a team effort. Because I was very busy bootstrapping Percona,

Vadim’s and my consulting company, and because English is not my first language,

we all had different roles. I provided the outline and technical content, then I

reviewed the material, revising and extending it as we wrote. When Arjen (the former

head of the MySQL documentation team) joined the project, we began to fill out the

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