RTCA DO-387-2021：交通监控EO/IR传感器系统MOPS标准

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RTCA DO-387-2021.pdf 是一份由美国航空业标准化组织 RTCA, Inc. 出版的名为《交通监控领域电光/红外（EO/IR）传感器系统最小运行性能标准》（Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) Sensor Systems for Traffic Surveillance）的文档。该文件由 SC-228 特殊委员会编制，并于2021年6月17日得到了RTCA程序管理委员会（PMC）的批准。 RTCA是一个非盈利性机构，致力于推动航空和航空电子系统的进步，以公众利益为宗旨。作为一家标准制定组织，RTCA通过协商一致的方式提出关于现代航空问题的建议。其目标包括但不限于： 1. 协调航空系统用户和供应商的技术需求：RTCA确保用户和制造商之间的技术规格统一，以便于系统的互操作性和兼容性，提高整体行业的效率和安全性。 2. 制定行业标准：通过DO-387，RTCA提供了一套针对交通监控领域EO/IR传感器系统的具体标准，这些标准涵盖了系统设计、性能指标、测试方法以及维护要求等方面，旨在确保此类设备在实际应用中的可靠性和有效性。 3. 促进技术进步：通过对新技术的研究和评估，RTCA鼓励创新，同时确保新开发的EO/IR传感器系统满足或超过行业公认的最低性能标准，适应不断变化的交通监控环境。 4. 保障公共安全：通过严格的性能标准，RTCA确保了这些传感器系统的安全性能，从而降低了潜在的风险，比如误报、漏报或设备故障可能带来的交通事故隐患。 5. 文档获取与支持：该文档的副本可以通过RTCA的华盛顿DC办公室、电话、传真的方式获取，或者访问其官方网站rtca.org获取定价和订购信息。总结来说，RTCA DO-387-2021.pdf文档是航空和交通监控领域的一项关键资源，为电光/红外传感器系统的开发者、运营商和监管机构提供了一个明确的技术框架，以实现高效、安全的交通监控解决方案。这份文档的发布和推广，对于提升整个行业的技术成熟度和法规遵从性具有重要意义。

Section 5 contains an informative listing of SC-228 committee members who contributed

to these MOPS.

Appendix A contains information on the proposed wavelengths for the EO/IR equipment.

Appendix B contains methods and results of analysis and simulations that derive the

required minimum Declaration Ranges (DRs) for the EO/IR sensor system to alert the

remote pilot to maneuver to remain Detect and Avoid (DAA) Well Clear (DWC) for

different categories of intruders and different encounter geometries between the ownship

and intruders. Analysis focuses on encounters with non-cooperative aircraft.

Appendix C provides methods and results of analysis on the frequency of cases where an

intruder enters the EO/IR sensor system Field of Regard (FOR) within its Declaration

Range (DR) and provides validation of the EO/IR DR against DAA alerting requirements.

Appendix D provides results of simulations and measurements to estimate signatures of

different kinds of aircraft as guidance for EO/IR sensor system design against expected

intruders. It also provides guidance for justification of EO/IR sensor system performance.

Appendix E provides results of simulations that assess the sensitivity of safety metrics to

sensor system measurement errors and declaration range.

Appendix F describes a tracker that could be used in EO/IR sensor systems.

Appendix G provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations used in this document.

1.2 DAA System Overview

DAA systems are designed to provide UA the ability to remain well clear of and avoid

collisions with other aircraft (referred to herein as "intruders"). Two types of surveillance

equipment are identified for such a system: cooperative sensors such as Mode Select

(Mode S) active surveillance and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B),

which rely on having compatible equipment in the intruder aircraft, and non-cooperative

sensors, which detect intruders without any equipage assumptions. The EO/IR sensor

system is a possible solution as the primary sensor for non-cooperative intruders.

Paragraphs 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 give an outline of the UA elements and the CS elements of a

DAA system.

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) UAS Operational Concept document

includes assumptions, constraints, requirements, and high-level operational considerations

for UAS, and is intended to provide the foundation for the DAA MOPS and DAA EO/IR

sensor system MOPS.

However, the scope and functionality of the DAA MOPS and DAA

EO/IR sensor system MOPS may require specific restrictions, operating limitations and/or

supplemental operational controls or provisions to achieve an acceptable level of collision

risk mitigation for use in the National Airspace System (NAS). Operating limitations for

EO/IR sensor system equipment compliant with these MOPS are documented in

Paragraph 1.2.4.

1.2.1 DAA System Description – Unmanned Aircraft

Figure 1-1 shows a simplified implementation of a DAA system onboard the aircraft, as

depicted in RTCA Document 365A (DO-365A). The EO/IR sensor system interacts mainly

with the UA DAA processor, which can be in the UA or in the CS. The EO/IR sensor

system sends the EO/IR generated tracks to the DAA processor, which creates unified

tracks that combine information from all sensors.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National

Airspace System (NAS), Second Edition, July 2018

1.3 Document Hierarchy

At the aircraft level, operational performance requirements for the EO/IR sensor system

and associated recommendations are derived from the DAA MOPS. However, for all

EO/IR sensor system requirements, this document supersedes any other document.

1.4 Intended Function

The intended function of the EO/IR sensor system is to detect and generate tracks for all

airborne traffic within the EO/IR sensor detection volume (see Paragraph 1.8.1). Onboard

EO/IR sensors complement other airborne or ground-based surveillance sensors by

providing detection of non-cooperative traffic. This equipment will support some

traffic avoidance systems, including DAA systems.

1.5 Operational Goals

The EO/IR sensor system is the surveillance source for non-cooperative intruders for DAA

systems used in UA transiting through Class B, C, D, E, and G airspace and performing

extended operations higher than 400' AGL in Class D, E (up to FL180), and G airspace. It

includes equipment to enable UAS operations in Terminal Areas during approach and

departure in Class C, D, E and G airspace and off-airport locations. It does not apply to

sUAS operating in low-level environments (below 400') or other segmented areas.

Likewise, it does not apply to operations in the VFR traffic pattern of an airport or to

surface operations.

The EO/IR sensor system will provide intruder track information to the DAA system that

will enable the remote pilot to decide whether a maneuver is necessary to maintain

En Route and Terminal DWC. The track should be established at sufficient range with

sufficient accuracy to enable the remote pilot to plan and execute a maneuver to keep the

UA well clear of other traffic. This version of the document will support DAA Class 1 or

Class 2 systems implementing the non-cooperative DWC definition as described in RTCA

DO-365B. The DAA system may also use the EO/IR sensor system data to validate ADS-B

data.

1.6 Assumptions

1.6.1 Operational Assumptions

The DAA EO/IR sensor system will mainly operate in the environment defined in the

Operational Services and Environment Description in Appendix A of the DAA MOPS.

The limitations to this operation are outlined in Paragraph 1.2.4 above. If needed, the

DAA system will have other means to provide the functions expected of the EO/IR

sensor system under the limitations imposed in Paragraph 1.2.4, above.

The EO/IR sensor system will be used to detect non-cooperative intruders. In the US,

the vast majority of non-cooperative intruders are below 10,000' Mean Sea Level

(MSL) and operate at speeds of less than 170 Knots True Air Speed (KTAS).

Note: The EO/IR sensor system is intended for DAA operations where non-cooperative

traffic is expected to be encountered. In the U.S. this is primarily below

10,000' MSL. An analysis performed by SC-228 established that this traffic can be

assumed to be limited to airspeeds less than 170 KTAS. There is nothing that

prevents the operation of EO/IR sensor systems above 10,000'; however, the

requirements in this document were not derived for the distribution of speeds

encountered at higher altitudes.

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