Physics Letters B 795 (2019) 308–313
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Search for sub-GeV dark matter by annual modulation using XMASS-I
detector
XMASS Collaboration
M. Kobayashi
a,1
, K. Abe
a,d
, K. Hiraide
a,d
, K. Ichimura
a,d
, Y. Kishimoto
a,d,2
,
K. Kobayashi
a,d
, S. Moriyama
a,d
, M. Nakahata
a,d
, H. Ogawa
a,d,3
, K. Sato
a,4
, H. Sekiya
a,d
,
T. Suzuki
a
, A. Takeda
a,d
, S. Tasaka
a
, M. Yamashita
a,d
, B.S. Yang
a,d,5
, N.Y. Kim
b
, Y.D. Kim
b
,
Y. Itow
c,e
, K. Kanzawa
c
, K. Masuda
c
, K. Martens
d
, Y. Suzuki
d
, B.D. Xu
d,6
, K. Miuchi
f
,
N. Oka
f
, Y. Takeuchi
f,d
, Y.H. Kim
g,b
, K.B. Lee
g
, M.K. Lee
g
, Y. Fukuda
h
, M. Miyasaka
i
,
K. Nishijima
i
, K. Fushimi
j
, G. Kanzaki
j
, S. Nakamura
k
a
Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205, Japan
b
Center for Underground Physics, Institute for Basic Science, 70 Yuseong-daero 1689-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
c
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
d
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
e
Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
f
Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
g
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea
h
Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
i
Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
j
Department of Physics, Tokushima University, 1-1 Minami Josanjimacho Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
k
Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
20 August 2018
Received
in revised form 10 June 2019
Accepted
12 June 2019
Available
online 17 June 2019
Editor:
M. Doser
Keywords:
Sub-GeV
dark matter
Annual
modulation
Liquid
xenon
A search for dark matter (DM) with mass in the sub-GeV region (0.32–1 GeV) was conducted by
looking for an annual modulation signal in XMASS, a single-phase liquid xenon detector. Inelastic nuclear
scattering accompanied by bremsstrahlung emission was used to search down to an electron equivalent
energy of 1 keV. The data used had a live time of 2.8 years (3.5 years in calendar time), resulting in
a total exposure of 2.38 ton-years. No significant modulation signal was observed and 90% confidence
level upper limits of 1.6 × 10
−33
cm
2
at 0.5 GeV was set for the DM-nucleon cross section. This is the
first experimental result of a search for DM mediated by the bremsstrahlung effect. In addition, a search
for DM with mass in the multi-GeV region (4–20 GeV) was conducted with a lower energy threshold
than previous analysis of XMASS. Elastic nuclear scattering was used to search down to a nuclear recoil
equivalent energy of 2.3 keV, and upper limits of 2.9 ×10
−42
cm
2
at 8 GeV was obtained.
© 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
E-mail address: xmass .publications13 @km .icrr.u -tokyo .ac .jp.
1
Now at Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
2
Now at Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai
980-8578, Japan.
3
Now at Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Nihon Uni-
versity,
Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
4
Now at Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University,
Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
5
Now at Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research, Institute for Basic Sci-
ence,
Daejeon 34051, South Korea.
6
Now at Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Haidian Dis-
trict,
Beijing, China 100084.
1. Introduction
The nature of dark matter (DM) is a key mystery in cosmol-
ogy,
and detecting it via any force other than gravity is essential
for advancing particle physics beyond the standard model. Weakly
interacting massive particles (WIMPs) at O (100 GeV) are predicted
by theoretical extensions of the standard model, such as the con-
strained
minimal supersymmetric standard model and are strong
DM candidates [1]. They have been investigated extensively via
nuclear recoil [2–4]; however, no significant detections of WIMPs
have been confirmed.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.022
0370-2693/
© 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.