探索人工智能与移动社交智能机器人：2018年进展

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"《从人工智能到机器人：移动、社交与感知机器人》是Arkapravo Bhaumik在2018年撰写的一本探讨机器人技术发展的重要著作。该书深入分析了机器人领域的多个关键领域，从早期移动机器人的探索，如Walter's turtles和斯坦福大学的Shakey机器人，到现代移动机器人技术的现状。作者还关注了机器人技术对文化和社会的影响，包括科幻、娱乐、医疗手术以及军事应用，同时提出了对于机器人是否会构成人类威胁的哲学思考。章节一，"早期的移动机器人"，回顾了机器人技术的历史起源，讲述了Walter's turtles如何开启了一个全新的研究领域，以及Stanford Cart如何通过早期的自主移动实验奠定了基础。这一章强调了早期设计者们的创新精神和挑战。在章节二，" Embodied AI：控制真菌吞噬者的寓言"，作者探讨了从纯粹的AI到赋予机器人自主能力的转变。"Agent"的概念在这里被详细阐述，解释了如何使机器人具备执行任务的能力。Toda's model for fungueaters展示了如何通过实体化（embodied）的方式让AI具有更加直观和有效的表现形式。该书不仅提供了技术层面的深入剖析，还涵盖了社会和文化层面对机器人技术的接纳与担忧，引导读者思考人工智能与机器人伦理的边界。整体上，这本书为读者呈现了一个全面而前瞻性的视角，探讨了人工智能和机器人学之间的交融，以及它们对未来社会生活可能产生的深远影响。"

Newer frontiers of medicine boasts of state-of-the-art robots, the Da Vinci and Zeus system.

The nurse robot and Paro are the latest cutting-edge applications in the care industry

and therapeutics, respectively. In warfare DARPA has provided various advanced options

for the use of robots in the US military and the matter has fueled an ethical debate.

Automated vehicles and delivery robots such as Starship etc. stand as the latest innovation

in transportation. It is obvious that robots are getting woven into the fabric of our lives

and the personal robot industry is probably one of the most potent for the next decade.

In conclusion, robots are a joy to behold. Not only are they a reﬂection of the convergence

of human endeavour and mental faculties of design, aesthetics, logic and social interaction

but they are the best examples of the handshake between technology and mother nature,

and the following ten chapters reinforce these ideas.

C H A P T E R 1

. . . and then there were

mobile robots

“ In the 1920s science ﬁction was becoming a popular art form for the ﬁrst

time ..... and one of the stock plots .... was that of the invention of a robot ....

Under the inﬂuence of the well-known deeds and ultimate fate of Frankenstein

and Rossum, there seemed only one change to be rung on this plot — robots

were created and destroyed their creator ... I quickly grew tired of this dull

hundred-times-told tale .... Knowledge has its dangers, yes, but is the response

to be a retreat from knowledge? .... I began in 1940, to write robot stories of

my own — but robot stories of a new variety ...... My robots were machines

– Isaac Asimov [367]

1.1 EARLY PIONEERS AND THE STORY TILL SHAKEY

he wish for automated machines doing chores on human command goes back to the

lore of Greek mythology. Homer writes about artiﬁcial servants with the ability of

thinking, speech, and locomotion for the Gods at Mt. Olympus, which were built by the

blacksmith cum craftsman Haphaestus [25].

It is some coincidence that the ﬁrst evidence of an automaton is also found in ancient

Greece at Alexandria, around 250 BC when Philon of Byzantium build a human-like

automaton [197] which looked like a maid, holding a jug of wine in her right hand. When

a cup was placed in the automaton’s left palm it poured some wine, followed by water to

mix in and served a drink. Philon designed his automaton with smart mechanisms and

pneumatics and named it Automatiopoeica, which historically is said to be the ﬁrst robot.

Lion-like automatons are found in the accounts of Byzantine emperor Theophilos

around 820, while around medieval times, building automatons in the Muslim world is

well documented in the works of Al-Jazari and Banu Musa. From the 11th to 15th century

automatons such as horsemen, birds, doors etc. as parts of mechanical clocks were found

both in Europe and the Arab world. Near the European renaissance, Da Vinci [283] helped

by royal patronage in Italy, developed mechanically maneuverable automatons, shown in

Figure 1.1.

At about the same time across the globe Japan had made its own automaton, the

Karakuri Ningyo puppets. These puppets had using mechanical arrangements, where a

wound up spring was employed to store energy, This was followed up with a coordination of

cams, levers and gears to actuate the puppet. Meant for recreational purposes, as shown in

4  From AI to Robotics: Mobile, Social and Sentient Robots

FIGURE 1.1 Da Vinci’s Bird. These are sketches for a bird-like automaton; (a) is from Da Vinci’s

Codex Atlanticus and (b) is from Codex Huygens. From Rosheim [283], with kind permission from

Springer Science and Business Media.

Figure 1.2, it was popularly used as a tea-serving automaton, the puppet can move forward

with a cup of tea in its hands and then bow its head to oﬀer tea to the guest, after drinking

when the cup is returned by the guest to the puppet, it raises its head in a show of gratitude,

turns around and returns.

More sophisticated automatons were to follow in the coming century. Vaucanson made

his automated duck [368] in 1738 with mechanical arrangements as shown in Figure 1.3. His

duck could ﬂap its wings, make quacking noise, drink water, eat grain and seeds with a near

realistic gulping action. The duck was designed to be the same size as a living duck, made

out of gold-plated copper. Vaucanson also developed other such automatons: the ﬂute player

and the tambourine player which were life-size human ﬁgures which created an imitation of

playing musical instruments and android waiters which would serve food and clear tables.

Around the late 18th century a similar mechanical arrangement was employed in Mysore,

India, to build a mechanical wooden tiger which responded to turning a handle with a growl

and an animated attack. Various historians have suggested that this may have been an

outcome of Tipu Sultan’s collaboration with the French.

All of these developments took place without any electricity, and were powered either

by a smart mechanical arrangement which most of time was a coiled up spring, or by

pneumatics and hydraulics. It was not until around 1890 that Tesla used electricity to build

miniaturised boats which were controlled remotely using radio signals, as shown in Figure

1.4.

The coining of the word ‘robot’, had to wait until 1920. This etymology is derived from

the Czech word ‘robota’ meaning committed labour. It was ﬁrst used in Karel

Capek’s play,

R.U.R — Rossum’s Universal Robots

. The evolution in the usage of the word ‘robot’ is

shown in Figure 1.5 and the word cloud from Wikipedia associating it with other words and

ideas is shown in Figure 1.6.

The ﬁrst humanoid robot, Eric was made by W.H. Richards in 1928 and put on display in

London. The Westinghouse Electric Company developed another humanoid, Electro around

the 1940s which was controlled by electrical relays and could play recorded speech, respond

Capek’s play ‘Rosumovi Univerz´aln

i Roboti’ was written in Czech, published in 1920, and ﬁrst screened

at Prague, Czechoslovakia, on 25 January 1921.

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