SPSS Statistics 23：新手指南，逐章详解

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"《IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference》（第14版）是由Darren George和Paul Mallery合著的一本指南，专为初学者和经验丰富的研究者设计，旨在以直观、分步骤的方式解析SPSS软件。本书出版于2016年，由Routledge出版，提供了详尽的教程，包括大量的四色屏幕截图、清晰易懂的文字说明以及逐步操作框，帮助读者一步步掌握程序的使用。全书共分为29章，涵盖了SPSS Statistics在数据分析过程中的各个方面，从数据创建与编辑，到高级统计分析方法，如描述性统计、频率分析、t检验、方差分析、回归分析、多元分析、非参数方法、信度分析、因子分析、聚类分析等。每一章末尾都设有练习题，以巩固读者对所学内容的实践应用。该书特别强调实用性，适合教育机构和研究人员在教学和研究中参考，同时也便于独立学习者通过系统的学习路径深入理解并掌握IBM SPSS Statistics 23的各项功能。书中所有使用的数据集可在Routledge网站上下载，以便读者进行实际操作和项目实践。此外，作者在第14版中对前一版本进行了更新，以适应SPSS Statistics 23的新特性，并保持了其一贯的易用性和深度。无论你是SPSS的新手还是熟练用户，这本书都是理解和掌握这款流行统计软件的强大工具。"

Chapter 2A

IBM SPSS Statistics

Processes for PC

WE MENTIONED in the introductory chapter that it is necessary for the user to

understand how to turn the computer on and get as far as the Windows desktop. This

chapter will give you the remaining skills required to use SPSS for Windows: how to

use the mouse, how to navigate using the taskbar, what the various buttons (on the

toolbar and elsewhere) do, and how to navigate the primary windows used in SPSS.

If you are fluent with computers, you may not need to read this chapter as

carefully as someone less familiar. But everyone should read at least portions of this

chapter carefully; it contains a great deal of information unique to SPSS for Windows.

2.1 The Mouse

Over the years SPSS has modified their product so that mouse operations parallel those

of many major programs. The left-mouse button point and click, double click, and

dragging operate in ways similar to major word processing programs, although some-

times SPSS has unique responses to these common applications. Important differences

will be noted in the chapters where they apply. A right-click and running the cursor

over a word or object also produces similar results. In early editions of the book we pro-

vided a thorough description of mouse operations. Now, the computer world is mov-

ing in a direction where one day the mouse may be obsolete—touch screens, key-stroke

operations, and other selection devices may one day predominate. Because of this we

have shifted our former “mouse-click” icon (

) to an icon designed to mean “select”

(

). If you are operating with a mouse this icon still means “left mouse click.”

2.2 The Taskbar and Start Menu

Once you have arrived at the Windows desktop, your screen should look something

like that shown on the following page. It will certainly not look exactly like this, but

it will be similar. There will typically be a number of icons along the left side of the

screen, and a bar across the bottom (or top) of the screen (with the word “Start” on the

left, and the time on the right).

There are two main types of icons on the Windows desktop: Program icons rep-

resent a particular program, while folder icons actually contain other icons (usually

several programs that are related in some way).

The most important thing you need to know about the Windows desktop (at

least as long as you are reading this book) is how to start the SPSS program. To do

this on most computers, you need to click the

button, move the cursor over the

menu folder, and then over the program icon. Once

emerges, click on the icon, and SPSS will begin. On most computers,

the Windows desktop will look similar to that shown in Screen 2.2 (following page)

immediately before you click on

Reprinted with permission of Apple Inc. and Reprinted with permission of Microsoft, Inc.

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10 Chapter 2A

the Data Editor program is started, but as soon as you perform some statistics on your

data, another program (in another window) is started: the Output program. You may

have other SPSS windows open, but the Data Editor and Output windows are the

main ones you will use.

Sometimes, SPSS will change between windows automatically; other times, you

may need to change between the windows yourself. This is the other option that the

taskbar provides.

When several programs are running at the same time, each program will have a

button on the taskbar. Here’s what the taskbar may look like when the SPSS data edi-

tor and SPSS output programs are both running:

If you want to change from one program window to the other, simply move the

cursor down to the taskbar and click the appropriate button. Often, when many pro-

grams are open, several data sets or output screens may be concealed under a single

SPSS icon. A click identifies which programs are available.

2.3 Common Buttons

A number of buttons occur frequently within screens and around the borders of win-

dows and screens. The standard push buttons have the same function in any context.

The most frequently used ones are identified and explained below:

Icon Description

This is called the restore button. A click on this button will reduce the size of the window with

which it is associated. Sometimes this reduction will result in additional windows becoming

visible. This allows you to see and then click on whichever window you wish to use.

Within the SPSS context, this button will usually paste (move text from one location to

another) a designated variable from a list in one location to an active box in another location.

Such a move indicates that this variable is to be used in an analysis.

These are up, down, right, and left scroll arrows that are positioned on each end of a scroll

bar. To illustrate, see Screen 2.3 in which both vertical and horizontal scroll bars are

identiﬁed. Most data or output ﬁles are longer than the open window and in many instances

also wider. The scroll arrows and scroll bars allow you to view either above, below, to the

right, or to the left of what is visible on the screen.

A click on a down arrow will reveal a menu of options (called a drop-down menu) directly

below. Screen 2.4 (page 13) shows two such buttons to the right of Look in and Files of

type.

This button is the reverse. It will move a variable from the active box back to the original list.

Icon Description

This is the maximize button and is located in the upper right corner of a window. Several of

these buttons may be visible at one time if several windows are open. A mouse click on this

button will maximize the window, that is, expand the designated window to ﬁll the entire

screen.

This is the minimize button and is usually located to the immediate left of its brother. Its

function is to minimize the designated window causing it to entirely disappear or to be

represented by a small icon.

2.4 The Data and Other Commonly

Used Windows

What follows are pictures and descriptions of the most frequently used windows or

screens in SPSS processes. These include:

1. The initial screen on entry into SPSS. This includes detail concerning the meaning

of each icon and a brief description of the function of each command,

M02_GEOR0250_14_SE_C02A.indd 10 02/03/16 2:31 PM

12 Chapter 2A

It must be noted that even in SPSS applications the format of the icon bar may vary

slightly. The toolbar shown above applies to the data editor window; a different tool-

bar is shown (pages 17–18) that applies to the output window. Also note that some of

the icons are bright and clear and others are “grayed.” Grayed icons are those that are

not currently available. Note, for instance, that the Print File icon is grayed because

there are no data to print. When data are entered into the data editor, then these icons

become clear because they are now available. The best way to learn how the icons

work is to click on them and see what happens.

THE MENU BAR The menu bar (just above the toolbar) displays the commands that

perform most of the operations that SPSS provides. You will become well acquainted

with these commands as you spend time in this book. Whenever you click on a

particular command, a series of options appears below and you will select the one

that fits your particular need. The commands are now listed and briefly described:

• File: Deals with different functions associated with files, including opening, read-

ing, and saving, as well as exiting SPSS.

• Edit: A number of editing functions, including copying, pasting, finding, and

replacing.

• View: Several options that affect the way the screen appears; the option most

frequently used is Value Labels.

• Data: Operations related to defining, configuring, and entering data; also deals

with sorting cases, merging or aggregating files, and selecting or weighting cases.

• Transform: Transformation of previously entered data, including recoding, com-

puting new variables, reordering, and dealing with missing values.

• Analyze: All forms of data analysis begin with a click of the Analyze command.

• Graphs: Creation of graphs or charts can begin either with a click on the Graphs

command or (often) as an option while other statistics are being performed.

• Utilities: Utilities deals largely with fairly sophisticated ways of making complex

data operations easier. Most of these commands are for advanced users, and will

not be described in this book.

Icon Function Icon Function

Click this to open a ﬁle

Save current ﬁle

Print ﬁle

Recall a recently-used command

Undo the last operation

Redo something you just undid

(upper left corner) the “+” sign indicates

that this is the active ﬁle

Go to a particular variable or case

number

Access information about the current

variable

Find data

Insert subject or case into

the data ﬁle

Insert new variable into

the data ﬁle

Split ﬁle into subgroups

Weight cases

Select cases

Shifts between numbers and

labels for variables with several

levels

Use subsets of variables/use

all variables

Spell check

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