人类认知的Gf-Gc理论：短期视听记忆因素的区分

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"GF-GC理论是关于人类认知的一种模型，主要关注短期听觉和视觉记忆因素的区分。该理论由Ron McGhee和Lewis Lieberman在1994年的《心理学在学校》期刊上提出，通过主成分因子分析法，对50个受试者在18项认知和成就变量上的表现进行了研究。研究中提取了四个、五个、六个和七个因子，以探讨不同数量的因子对结果的影响。实验设计旨在深入考察短期听觉记忆和短期视觉记忆的测量指标之间的因子加载情况。此外，分析还包括了代表其他GF-GC因素的测试，以全面理解人类智力的构成。 GF-GC理论由Horn和Cattell在1966年首次提出，它假设人类智力可以分解为一般因素（Gf）和特定因素（Gc）。Gf代表了抽象推理、问题解决等通用能力，而Gc则涵盖了语言理解、信息处理速度等基础认知过程。Carroll和Horn在1981年的研究中指出，大约80%的智力能力可以通过大约30种基本过程来衡量和预测。在McGhee和Lieberman的研究中，他们发现支持GF-GC理论的证据，尤其是对于短期视觉和听觉记忆因素的独立性。这意味着这两种记忆系统在认知功能中是分开且独特的。这种区分对于理解人类的认知过程至关重要，因为它有助于识别个体在不同认知任务中的优势和弱点，特别是在教育和心理评估的背景下。短期记忆是工作记忆的一部分，它负责暂时存储和处理信息。视觉和听觉是人类获取信息的主要途径，因此，它们的短期记忆能力对于学习、理解和决策过程至关重要。通过区分这两种记忆因素，研究人员和教育工作者能够更好地了解如何针对不同的学习风格和需求制定有效的教学策略。 GF-GC理论通过对短期视听记忆因素的独立分析，揭示了人类认知的复杂性和多样性。这一理论的应用不仅有助于智力评估的精确性，还为个性化教育提供了理论依据，以适应个体在视觉和听觉处理方面的差异。"

Pyyychology

the

Schools

Volume

31.

Ocroher

1994

GF-GC THEORY OF HUMAN COGNITION:

DIFFERENTIATION OF SHORT-TERM AUDITORY AND

VISUAL MEMORY FACTORS

RON McGHEE LEWIS LIEBERMAN

Auburn University Columbus College

principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed for

subjects on

cognitive and achievement variables. Four, five, six, and seven factors

were specified

for

extraction. Variables were chosen

allow for investigation of factor

loadings among measures of short-term auditory and short-term visual memory.

Also

included in the analysis were tests representative of other Gf-Gc factors. The results

provide support for a model of Gf-Gc theory with distinct and separate short-term

visual and short-term auditory memory factors.

In the field of intelligence assessment there has been increased interest (McGhee,

1993;

Woodcock,

1990)

in verifying the factorial structure of human abilities hypothesized

by Horn and Cattell

(1966)

in their Gf-Gc theory. Carroll and Horn

(1981)

presented

evidence that about

80%

of intellectual ability could be measured and predicted in terms

of as few as

basic processes. Most of the variation represented in primary processes

could be further organized in terms of as few

second-order abilities. More

recently, Horn

(1988)

presented a model of Gf-Gc theory based on

abilities, including

two sensory detectors (Gs), quantitative ability (Gq), visualization capacity (Gv), general

perceptual speed (Gs), memory capacity (Gm), fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) abilities,

general retrieval capacity (Gr), and auditory capacity (Ga). Table

provides descrip-

tions of factors in current Gf-Gc theory.

McGhee’s

(1993)

joint confirmatory factor analysis of the Woodcock-Johnson-

Revised (WJ-R; Woodcock

Johnson,

1989),

Differential Ability Scales (Elliott,

1990),

and Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-3 (Hammill,

1991)

indicated that an eight-factor

model of intelligence based on Gf-Gc theory best fit the data. Horn and Cattell’s Gs,

Gr, Ga, Gv, Gc, and Gf factors proved stable. However, the Gsm factor split into short-

term auditory (Gsma) and short-term visual (Gsmv) factors. McGhee hypothesized that

these results were contrary to previous research (Woodcock,

1990),

which suffered from

“underfactoring.” Most factor analytic studies of intelligence tests have not included

enough marker variables to distinguish between the two types of memory. For example,

the WJ-R contains two “pure” measures of short-term auditory memory but no “pure”

measures of short-term visual memory. A similar argument can be leveled against the

WISC-R (Wechsler,

1974),

WAIS-R (Wechsler,

1981),

and, presumably, the WISC-I11

(Wechsler,

1991).

These two intelligence tests, when factor-analyzed with other in-

telligence batteries (Woodcock,

1990),

demonstrate underlying Gc and Gv factors. The

arithmetic subtest is a lone measure of Gq, the Coding subtest is a lone measure of

Gs,

and the Digit Span subtest is

lone measure of Gsma. Because there are no other markers

for these factors, they do not emerge when factor-analyzed. McGhee suggested that

further investigation into the differentiation of short-term auditory and visual memory

factors might take the form of factor-analyzing data from tests requiring only recall

previously seen material (Gsmv), tests requiring only recall

previously heard material

Kequehts

for reprints should be sent

Ron

McChee,

304

Martindale

Lane,

Albany, CA

31707.

297

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