ISO/IEC 14496-10:2004(E) - Advanced Video Coding Standard

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"ISO/IEC14496-10:2004(E) - Advanced Video Coding (H.264 Standard) 英文版" 本文档是国际标准ISO/IEC 14496-10的第二版，发布于2004年10月1日，涵盖了信息技术领域中的音频-视觉对象编码，特别是第10部分：高级视频编码（Advanced Video Coding，通常称为H.264或AVC标准）。这个标准由国际标准化组织（ISO）和国际电工委员会（IEC）联合制定，旨在提高视频压缩效率，从而在有限的带宽下传输更高质量的视频。 H.264/AVC是一种广泛应用于数字电视、DVD、高清视频、互联网视频流等领域的视频编码标准。该标准引入了一系列先进的编码技术，包括： 1. 分块编码（Macroblock Coding）：视频图像被分割成多个宏块，每个宏块可以独立编码，提高了编码效率。 2. 预测编码（Motion Estimation and Compensation）：通过比较不同帧之间的像素运动来预测当前宏块，减少需要传输的数据量。 3. 变换与量化（Transform and Quantization）：将空间域的像素数据转换到频率域，然后进行量化，降低对带宽的要求。 4. 剩余信号编码（Residual Coding）：编码预测后的剩余信息，进一步压缩。 5.熵编码（Entropy Encoding）：使用诸如 CABAC（Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding）或 CAVLC（Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding）的熵编码方法，优化比特流的表示。 6. 图像分层（Multi-Resolution Coding）：支持多分辨率编码，适应不同的显示设备和网络条件。 7. 键帧（Intra-frames, I-frames）与预测帧（Predictive frames, P-frames）及双向预测帧（Bidirectional Predictive frames, B-frames）：通过不同类型的帧组合，实现高效的时空压缩。 H.264/AVC标准的成功在于它能够提供高清晰度视频的同时，显著降低了带宽需求，这对于视频传输和存储至关重要。由于其高效性和灵活性，H.264/AVC成为了许多视频编解码器的基础，并且在后续的标准，如H.265/HEVC（High Efficiency Video Coding）中得到了进一步的发展和优化。此PDF文档可能包含嵌入式字体，按照Adobe的许可政策，可以打印或查看，但未经许可不得编辑，除非安装了嵌入字体的计算机有相应的编辑许可证。下载此文件时，用户需同意不侵犯Adobe的许可政策。ISO中央秘书处对此不承担任何责任。Adobe是Adobe Systems Incorporated的商标。

ISO/IEC 14496-10:2004(E)

3.52 frequency index: A one-dimensional or two-dimensional index associated with a transform coefficient prior to

an inverse transform part of the decoding process.

3.53 hypothetical reference decoder (HRD): A hypothetical decoder model that specifies constraints on the

variability of conforming NAL unit streams or conforming byte streams that an encoding process may produce.

3.54 hypothetical stream scheduler (HSS): A hypothetical delivery mechanism for the timing and data flow of the

input of a bitstream into the hypothetical reference decoder. The HSS is used for checking the conformance of

a bitstream or a decoder.

3.55 I slice: A slice that is not an SI slice that is decoded using prediction only from decoded samples within the

same slice.

3.55.1 informative: A term used to refer to content provided in this Recommendation | International Standard that is

not an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard. Informative content does not establish

any mandatory requirements for conformance to this Recommendation | International Standard.

3.56 instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) access unit: An access unit in which the primary coded picture is an

IDR picture.

3.57 instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture: A coded picture containing only slices with I or SI slice types

that causes the decoding process to mark all reference pictures as "unused for reference" immediately after

decoding the IDR picture. After the decoding of an IDR picture all following coded pictures in decoding order

can be decoded without inter prediction from any picture decoded prior to the IDR picture. The first picture of

each coded video sequence is an IDR picture.

3.58 inter coding: Coding of a block, macroblock, slice, or picture that uses inter prediction.

3.59 inter prediction: A prediction derived from decoded samples of reference pictures other than the current

decoded picture.

3.60 intra coding: Coding of a block, macroblock, slice, or picture that uses intra prediction.

3.61 intra prediction: A prediction derived from the decoded samples of the same decoded slice.

3.62 intra slice: See I slice.

3.63 inverse transform: A part of the decoding process by which a set of transform coefficients are converted into

spatial-domain values, or by which a set of transform coefficients are converted into DC transform coefficients.

3.64 layer: One of a set of syntactical structures in a non-branching hierarchical relationship. Higher layers contain

lower layers. The coding layers are the coded video sequence, picture, slice, and macroblock layers.

3.65 level: A defined set of constraints on the values that may be taken by the syntax elements and variables of this

Recommendation | International Standard. The same set of levels is defined for all profiles, with most aspects

of the definition of each level being in common across different profiles. Individual implementations may,

within specified constraints, support a different level for each supported profile. In a different context, level is

the value of a transform coefficient prior to scaling.

3.66 list 0 (list 1) motion vector: A motion vector associated with a reference index pointing into reference picture

list 0 (list 1).

3.67 list 0 (list 1) prediction: Inter prediction of the content of a slice using a reference index pointing into

reference picture list 0 (list 1).

3.68 luma: An adjective specifying that a sample array or single sample is representing the monochrome signal

related to the primary colours. The symbol or subscript used for luma is Y or L.

NOTE – The term luma is used rather than the term luminance in order to avoid the implication of the use of linear light

transfer characteristics that is often associated with the term luminance. The symbol L is sometimes used instead of the

symbol Y to avoid confusion with the symbol y as used for vertical location.

3.69 macroblock: A 16x16 block of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples. The division

of a slice or a macroblock pair into macroblocks is a partitioning.

3.70 macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding: A decoding process for coded frames in which some

macroblocks may be decoded as frame macroblocks and others may be decoded as field macroblocks.

3.71 macroblock address: When macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is not in use, a macroblock address is

the index of a macroblock in a macroblock raster scan of the picture starting with zero for the top-left

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macroblock in a picture. When macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is in use, the macroblock address of

the top macroblock of a macroblock pair is two times the index of the macroblock pair in a macroblock pair

raster scan of the picture, and the macroblock address of the bottom macroblock of a macroblock pair is the

macroblock address of the corresponding top macroblock plus 1. The macroblock address of the top

macroblock of each macroblock pair is an even number and the macroblock address of the bottom macroblock

of each macroblock pair is an odd number.

3.72 macroblock location: The two-dimensional coordinates of a macroblock in a picture denoted by ( x, y ). For

the top left macroblock of the picture ( x, y ) is equal to ( 0, 0 ). x is incremented by 1 for each macroblock

column from left to right. When macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is not in use, y is incremented by 1

for each macroblock row from top to bottom. When macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is in use, y is

incremented by 2 for each macroblock pair row from top to bottom, and is incremented by an additional 1

when a macroblock is a bottom macroblock.

3.73 macroblock pair: A pair of vertically contiguous macroblocks in a frame that is coupled for use in

macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding. The division of a slice into macroblock pairs is a partitioning.

3.74 macroblock partition: A block of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples resulting

from a partitioning of a macroblock for inter prediction.

3.75 macroblock to slice group map: A means of mapping macroblocks of a picture into slice groups. The

macroblock to slice group map consists of a list of numbers, one for each coded macroblock, specifying the

slice group to which each coded macroblock belongs.

3.76 map unit to slice group map: A means of mapping slice group map units of a picture into slice groups. The

map unit to slice group map consists of a list of numbers, one for each slice group map unit, specifying the

slice group to which each coded slice group map unit belongs.

3.76.1 may: A term used to refer to behaviour that is allowed, but not necessarily required. In some places where the

optional nature of the described behaviour is intended to be emphasized, the phrase "may or may not" is used to

provide emphasis.

3.77 memory management control operation: Seven operations that control reference picture marking.

3.78 motion vector: A two-dimensional vector used for inter prediction that provides an offset from the coordinates

in the decoded picture to the coordinates in a reference picture.

3.78.1 must: A term used in expressing an observation about a requirement or an implication of a requirement that is

specified elsewhere in this Recommendation | International Standard. This term is used exclusively in an

informative context.

3.79 NAL unit: A syntax structure containing an indication of the type of data to follow and bytes containing that

data in the form of an RBSP interspersed as necessary with emulation prevention bytes.

3.80 NAL unit stream: A sequence of NAL units.

3.81 non-paired field: A collective term for a non-paired reference field or a non-paired non-reference field.

3.82 non-paired non-reference field: A decoded non-reference field that is not part of a complementary non-

reference field pair.

3.83 non-paired reference field: A decoded reference field that is not part of a complementary reference field pair.

3.84 non-reference field: A field coded with nal_ref_idc equal to 0.

3.85 non-reference frame: A frame coded with nal_ref_idc equal to 0.

3.86 non-reference picture: A picture coded with nal_ref_idc equal to 0. A non-reference picture is not used for

inter prediction of any other pictures.

3.86.1 note: A term used to prefix informative remarks. This term is used exclusively in an informative context.

3.87 opposite parity: The opposite parity of top is bottom, and vice versa.

3.88 output order: The order in which the decoded pictures are output from the decoded picture buffer.

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3.89 P slice: A slice that may be decoded using intra prediction from decoded samples within the same slice or inter

prediction from previously-decoded reference pictures, using at most one motion vector and reference index to

predict the sample values of each block.

3.90 parameter: A syntax element of a sequence parameter set or a picture parameter set. Parameter is also used as

part of the defined term quantisation parameter.

3.91 parity: The parity of a field can be top or bottom.

3.92 partitioning: The division of a set into subsets such that each element of the set is in exactly one of the subsets.

3.93 picture: A collective term for a field or a frame.

3.93.1 picture parameter set: A syntax structure containing syntax elements that apply to zero or more entire coded

pictures as determined by the pic_parameter_set_id syntax element found in each slice header.

3.94 picture order count: A variable having a value that is non-decreasing with increasing picture position in

output order relative to the previous IDR picture in decoding order or relative to the previous picture

containing the memory management control operation that marks all reference pictures as “unused for

reference”.

3.95 prediction: An embodiment of the prediction process.

3.96 prediction process: The use of a predictor to provide an estimate of the sample value or data element currently

being decoded.

3.97 predictive slice: See P slice.

3.98 predictor: A combination of specified values or previously decoded sample values or data elements used in the

decoding process of subsequent sample values or data elements.

3.99 primary coded picture: The coded representation of a picture to be used by the decoding process for a

bitstream conforming to this Recommendation | International Standard. The primary coded picture contains all

macroblocks of the picture. The only pictures that have a normative effect on the decoding process are primary

coded pictures. See also redundant coded picture.

3.100 profile: A specified subset of the syntax of this Recommendation | International Standard.

3.101 quantisation parameter: A variable used by the decoding process for scaling of transform coefficient levels.

3.102 random access: The act of starting the decoding process for a bitstream at a point other than the beginning of

the stream.

3.103 raster scan: A mapping of a rectangular two-dimensional pattern to a one-dimensional pattern such that the

first entries in the one-dimensional pattern are from the first top row of the two-dimensional pattern scanned

from left to right, followed similarly by the second, third, etc. rows of the pattern (going down) each scanned

from left to right.

3.104 raw byte sequence payload (RBSP): A syntax structure containing an integer number of bytes that is

encapsulated in a NAL unit. An RBSP is either empty or has the form of a string of data bits containing syntax

elements followed by an RBSP stop bit and followed by zero or more subsequent bits equal to 0.

3.105 raw byte sequence payload (RBSP) stop bit: A bit equal to 1 present within a raw byte sequence payload

(RBSP) after a string of data bits. The location of the end of the string of data bits within an RBSP can be

identified by searching from the end of the RBSP for the RBSP stop bit, which is the last non-zero bit in the

RBSP.

3.106 recovery point: A point in the bitstream at which the recovery of an exact or an approximate representation of

the decoded pictures represented by the bitstream is achieved after a random access or broken link.

3.107 redundant coded picture: A coded representation of a picture or a part of a picture. The content of a

redundant coded picture shall not be used by the decoding process for a bitstream conforming to this

Recommendation | International Standard. A redundant coded picture is not required to contain all

macroblocks in the primary coded picture. Redundant coded pictures have no normative effect on the

decoding process. See also primary coded picture.

3.108 reference field: A reference field may be used for inter prediction when P, SP, and B slices of a coded field or

field macroblocks of a coded frame are decoded. See also reference picture.

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3.109 reference frame: A reference frame may be used for inter prediction when P, SP, and B slices of a coded

frame are decoded. See also reference picture.

3.110 reference index: An index into a reference picture list.

3.111 reference picture: A picture with nal_ref_idc not equal to 0. A reference picture contains samples that may be

used for inter prediction in the decoding process of subsequent pictures in decoding order.

3.112 reference picture list: A list of short-term picture numbers and long-term picture numbers that are assigned to

reference pictures.

3.113 reference picture list 0: A reference picture list used for inter prediction of a P, B, or SP slice. All inter

prediction used for P and SP slices uses reference picture list 0. Reference picture list 0 is one of two reference

picture lists used for inter prediction for a B slice, with the other being reference picture list 1.

3.114 reference picture list 1: A reference picture list used for inter prediction of a B slice. Reference picture list 1

is one of two lists of reference picture lists used for inter prediction for a B slice, with the other being reference

picture list 0.

3.115 reference picture marking: Specifies, in the bitstream, how the decoded pictures are marked for inter

prediction.

3.116 reserved: The term reserved, when used in the clauses specifying some values of a particular syntax element,

are for future use by ITU-T | ISO/IEC. These values shall not be used in bitstreams conforming to this

Recommendation | International Standard, but may be used in future extensions of this

Recommendation | International Standard by ITU-T | ISO/IEC.

3.117 residual: The decoded difference between a prediction of a sample or data element and its decoded value.

3.118 run: A number of consecutive data elements represented in the decoding process. In one context, the number

of zero-valued transform coefficient levels preceding a non-zero transform coefficient level in the list of

transform coefficient levels generated by a zig-zag scan or a field scan. In other contexts, run refers to a number

of macroblocks.

3.119 sample aspect ratio: Specifies, for assisting the display process, which is not specified in this

Recommendation | International Standard, the ratio between the intended horizontal distance between the

columns and the intended vertical distance between the rows of the luma sample array in a frame. Sample

aspect ratio is expressed as h:v, where h is horizontal width and v is vertical height (in arbitrary units of spatial

distance).

3.120 scaling: The process of multiplying transform coefficient levels by a factor, resulting in transform coefficients.

3.120.1 sequence parameter set: A syntax structure containing syntax elements that apply to zero or more entire coded

video sequences as determined by the content of a seq_parameter_set_id syntax element found in the picture

parameter set referred to by the pic_parameter_set_id syntax element found in each slice header.

3.120.2 shall: A term used to express mandatory requirements for conformance to this Recommendation | International

Standard. When used to express a mandatory constraint on the values of syntax elements or on the results

obtained by operation of the specified decoding process, it is the responsibility of the encoder to ensure that the

constraint is fulfilled. When used in reference to operations performed by the decoding process, any decoding

process that produces identical results to the decoding process described herein conforms to the decoding

process requirements of this Recommendation | International Standard.

3.120.3 should: A term used to refer to behaviour of an implementation that is encouraged to be followed under

anticipated ordinary circumstances, but is not a mandatory requirement for conformance to this

Recommendation | International Standard.

3.121 SI slice: A slice that is coded using prediction only from decoded samples within the same slice and using

quantisation of the prediction samples. An SI slice can be coded such that its decoded samples can be

constructed identically to an SP slice.

3.122 skipped macroblock: A macroblock for which no data is coded other than an indication that the macroblock is

to be decoded as "skipped". This indication may be common to several macroblocks.

3.123 slice: An integer number of macroblocks or macroblock pairs ordered consecutively in the raster scan within a

particular slice group. For the primary coded picture, the division of each slice group into slices is a

partitioning. Although a slice contains macroblocks or macroblock pairs that are consecutive in the raster scan

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within a slice group, these macroblocks or macroblock pairs are not necessarily consecutive in the raster scan

within the picture. The addresses of the macroblocks are derived from the address of the first macroblock in a

slice (as represented in the slice header) and the macroblock to slice group map.

3.124 slice data partitioning: A method of partitioning selected syntax elements into syntax structures based on a

category associated with each syntax element.

3.125 slice group: A subset of the macroblocks or macroblock pairs of a picture. The division of the picture into

slice groups is a partitioning of the picture. The partitioning is specified by the macroblock to slice group map.

3.126 slice group map units: The units of the map unit to slice group map.

3.127 slice header: A part of a coded slice containing the data elements pertaining to the first or all macroblocks

represented in the slice.

3.128 source: Term used to describe the video material or some of its attributes before encoding.

3.129 SP slice: A slice that is coded using inter prediction from previously-decoded reference pictures, using at most

one motion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of each block. An SP slice can be coded

such that its decoded samples can be constructed identically to another SP slice or an SI slice.

3.130 start code prefix: A unique sequence of three bytes equal to 0x000001 embedded in the byte stream as a prefix

to each NAL unit. The location of a start code prefix can be used by a decoder to identify the beginning of a

new NAL unit and the end of a previous NAL unit. Emulation of start code prefixes is prevented within NAL

units by the inclusion of emulation prevention bytes.

3.131 string of data bits (SODB): A sequence of some number of bits representing syntax elements present within a

raw byte sequence payload prior to the raw byte sequence payload stop bit. Within an SODB, the left-most bit

is considered to be the first and most significant bit, and the right-most bit is considered to be the last and least

significant bit.

3.132 sub-macroblock: One quarter of the samples of a macroblock, i.e., an 8x8 luma block and two corresponding

chroma blocks of which one corner is located at a corner of the macroblock.

3.133 sub-macroblock partition: A block of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples

resulting from a partitioning of a sub-macroblock for inter prediction.

3.134 switching I slice: See SI slice.

3.135 switching P slice: See SP slice.

3.136 syntax element: An element of data represented in the bitstream.

3.137 syntax structure: Zero or more syntax elements present together in the bitstream in a specified order.

3.138 top field: One of two fields that comprise a frame. Each row of a top field is spatially located immediately

above the corresponding row of the bottom field.

3.139 top macroblock (of a macroblock pair): The macroblock within a macroblock pair that contains the samples

in the top row of samples for the macroblock pair. For a field macroblock pair, the top macroblock represents

the samples from the region of the top field of the frame that lie within the spatial region of the macroblock

pair. For a frame macroblock pair, the top macroblock represents the samples of the frame that lie within the

top half of the spatial region of the macroblock pair.

3.140 transform coefficient: A scalar quantity, considered to be in a frequency domain, that is associated with a

particular one-dimensional or two-dimensional frequency index in an inverse transform part of the decoding

process.

3.141 transform coefficient level: An integer quantity representing the value associated with a particular two-

dimensional frequency index in the decoding process prior to scaling for computation of a transform coefficient

value.

3.142 universal unique identifier (UUID): An identifier that is unique with respect to the space of all universal

unique identifiers.

3.143 unspecified: The term unspecified, when used in the clauses specifying some values of a particular syntax

element, indicates that the values have no specified meaning in this Recommendation | International Standard

and will not have a specified meaning in the future as an integral part of this Recommendation | International

Standard.

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ISO/IEC 14496-10:2004(E) - Advanced Video Coding Standard

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