亲手打造Linux系统：Linux From Scratch指南

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"从零开始构建Linux系统" 这篇资源是一本名为《Linux From Scratch》的书籍，版本为7.4，由Gerard Beekmans创建，Matthew Burgess和Bruce Dubbs编辑。这本书介绍了如何从源代码开始，亲手构建一个自定义的Linux发行版。这不仅适合Linux初学者提升技能，也对有一定经验的IT专业人士有很高的学习价值。 Linux From Scratch (LFS) 是一个项目，旨在帮助用户理解Linux操作系统的工作原理，通过编译源代码来创建自己的定制化系统。它提供了一个学习平台，让读者能够掌握操作系统的核心组件及其相互关系。通过这种方式，用户能够了解Linux内核、系统工具、库和应用程序是如何协同工作的。该书的版权受Creative Commons许可保护，允许在MIT许可证下提取计算机教程内容。同时，Linux是Linus Torvalds注册的商标。书中包含以下章节： 1. 引言部分介绍了构建LFSSystem的基本方法，最近版本的更新内容，变更日志，以及相关的资源和获取帮助的途径。 2. 在准备构建环节，书中会指导读者如何准备一个新的分区，包括创建新的分区、建立文件系统以及挂载这些分区。这部分内容对于确保构建过程的顺利进行至关重要，因为正确的分区和文件系统设置是构建的基础。在构建过程中，读者将学习到如何选择和配置各种软件包，这些包在Linux系统中扮演着核心角色。书中的内容可能涵盖如何下载源代码，编译和安装软件，以及如何配置系统以满足个人或特定项目的需求。此外，还会涉及如何处理依赖关系，构建工具的使用，以及如何确保系统的安全性和稳定性。通过构建自己的Linux系统，读者不仅能够获得深入的Linux知识，还能提升解决问题的能力，这对于系统管理员、开发者以及对操作系统底层感兴趣的任何人都极具价值。这不仅仅是一个技术项目，更是一个探索和理解Linux操作系统奥秘的过程。

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.4

xvi

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux.

Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build

and install software.

• The Linux Users' Guide http://tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/users-guide/

This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software. This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.

• The Essential Pre-Reading Hint http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/essential_prereading.txt

This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to Linux. It includes a list of links to excellent sources of

information on a wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to install LFS should have an understanding of many

of the topics in this hint.

Host System Requirements

Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an

issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate

packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your

distribution provides them.

Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but has not been tested.

• Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)

• Binutils-2.17 (Versions greater than 2.23.2 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Bison-2.3 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)

• Bzip2-1.0.4

• Coreutils-6.9

• Diffutils-2.8.1

• Findutils-4.2.31

• Gawk-4.0.1 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.4

xix

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is

also used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/

etc/group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered.

Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific

section inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two

man pages will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.

5. When the book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man

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