Mac OS X下的Cocoa应用开发：逐步指南

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"Building Cocoa Applications - A Step-by-Step Guide" 是一本由 Simson Garfinkel 和 Michael Mahoney 合著的MAC OS X应用程序开发教程，由O'Reilly出版社出版，专注于Cocoa框架和Mac OS X平台。在本书中，作者们深入浅出地介绍了如何在Mac OS X环境下构建Cocoa应用程序。Cocoa是Apple开发的一套强大的框架，用于构建原生的Mac应用，它包含了Objective-C编程语言和一系列的类库、工具，以及设计模式。书的组织结构清晰，首先对Cocoa和Mac OS X操作系统进行了概述。第一部分（Cocoa Overview）的第1章“Understanding the Aqua Interface”探讨了Mac OS X的特色，特别是其用户界面Aqua。这一章详细阐述了Aqua界面的基本原则，如鼠标和光标操作、窗口类型和行为、菜单栏与菜单、Dock、各种控件、Finder的使用、桌面配置、文件系统的操作，以及菜单指南和键盘快捷键等，旨在帮助读者熟悉Mac的交互方式。接着，第二章“Tools for Developing Cocoa Applications”介绍了开发Cocoa应用所需的工具，包括Developer Tools（如Xcode）、实用工具，以及如何利用Terminal进行命令行操作和使用gdb进行程序调试。这部分内容对于初学者尤为重要，因为理解并熟练使用这些工具是成功开发Cocoa应用的基础。书中还可能涵盖了创建Cocoa项目、对象模型、事件处理、视图和控制器、内存管理、NSObjects和NSControllers的使用、Model-View-Controller（MVC）设计模式、Core Data框架、以及界面设计和测试等方面的知识。通过一系列的步骤和练习，引导读者逐步掌握Cocoa开发的核心技能。这本书适合对Mac OS X开发感兴趣的程序员，尤其是那些希望通过Cocoa框架构建原生应用的新手。通过学习，读者不仅可以了解Mac OS X的独特之处，还能掌握开发高质量、高性能的Mac应用所需的技术和实践。

Quartz integrates into the Macintosh operating system many advanced features that were

previously available only in Apple's QuickDraw GX and NeXT's Display PostScript

drawing environments. Quartz also brings native support for Adobe's PDF. Programs

written for Quartz can display PDF files as a native file type. They can also capture their

drawing commands and generate PDF files directly, without having to use a PDF Writer or

Distiller program.

Besides looking great, Quartz makes it much easier to move completed documents from

Mac OS X systems to computers running the Windows or Unix operating systems, because

both of these systems have freely available readers that will display PDF-encoded files.

You can find out more about Quartz by reading the documentation that comes with the

developer tools (it is installed in /Developer/Documentation/

CoreTechnologies/graphics/Quartz2D). For the latest updates, check out the

version at:

http://developer.apple.com/quartz/

Mac OS X and Classic Mode

Of course, Apple couldn't release a new operating system for the Macintosh and not allow

existing Macintosh programs to run on it, so Mac OS X also supports the "Classic"

Macintosh environment. If you double-click on the icon for an application that runs on

older Mac OS computers, a Mac OS X system will launch a copy of Mac OS 9 within Mac

OS X. When you activate this application, the desktop will take on the look and feel of the

Mac OS 9 environment. It's weird, but you can run those old applications quite well in

Classic mode, and it works better than an emulation because it's actually a full version of

Mac OS 9.x running in protected memory space under Mac OS X.

However, while Mac OS X systems will run Classic and Carbon-based applications, the

future is Cocoa. Apple says that all new applications for the Mac should be written with the

new Cocoa APIs, rather than with the old ones. And because it is so easy to use Cocoa,

why would you want to do anything else?

Book: Building Cocoa Applications: A Step-by-Step Guide

Section: Preface

Organization of This Book

This book is divided into the following four parts.

Part I, Cocoa Overview

The first part of this book introduces the Mac OS X interface (Aqua), Cocoa developer

tools, the Objective-C language in which Cocoa is written, and Cocoa programming itself.

Chapter 1, contains an overview of Aqua features and behaviors that programmers should

understand so that they can build applications that look and feel like Mac OS X

applications. In particular, programmers writing new Mac OS X applications should follow

Aqua's stringent interface guidelines so as not to confuse users. Chapter 1 also contains a

tutorial on how to become a power user of Mac OS X and the Aqua GUI. Although people

familiar with Mac OS X and Aqua might want to skip this chapter, it contains many hints

and shortcuts with which even experienced Cocoa programmers may not be familiar.

Chapter 2, contains an overview of Project Builder, Interface Builder, and the gdb

debugger, the three most important Cocoa developer tools. It also contains an introduction

to the (Unix) Terminal and several other useful developer tools.

Chapter 3, uses Interface Builder, a revolutionary program for drawing and wiring together

objects in application interfaces, to build a very simple application without any coding

whatsoever. We'll use it to create a little program that plays a sound and updates a text field

when the user moves a slider.

Chapter 4, builds an application from the ground up, using only Objective-C and the Cocoa

Application Kit. This will give you a hands-on feel for what Interface Builder is actually

doing. We also use this chapter to introduce the syntax and framework of the Objective-C

language.

Part II, Calculator: Building a Simple Application

The second part of this book is focused on building a simple application - a calculator -

which we extend piece by piece through four chapters.

Chapter 5, introduces the Calculator application project. We create the calculator's window

and build a simple Objective-C object that handles the math features of the calculator. At

the end of the chapter, you'll have a working four-function calculator.

Chapter 6, adds an About box to the Calculator application. This gives us an opportunity to

use some additional features of Interface Builder. We also clarify Cocoa's system of

outlets, connections, and actions. At the end of this chapter, we show you how to add an

application icon that identifies the application in the Finder and the Dock.

Chapter 7, introduces the concept of delegation - designating objects to perform functions

for other objects. In this chapter, we make the four-function calculator work with other

bases (binary, octal, and hexadecimal) and use delegation to set the initial base. In the

second half of the chapter, we use an example of programmatically resizing a window to

introduce Cocoa's NSWindow and NSView classes.

Chapter 8, introduces the responder chain, the chain of objects that Cocoa uses to process

events such as keypresses and mouseclicks. At the end of the chapter, we use our newfound

knowledge to modify the calculator so that users can enter numbers by typing on the

keyboard, in addition to simply clicking with the mouse. This chapter completes our work

on the Calculator application.

Chapter 9, provides background on the Mach operating system upon which Mac OS X is

based and on the Quartz Window Server that Mac OS X uses to draw on the screen and

manage events. This chapter provides useful, general information that will help us build

more complicated applications in subsequent chapters.

Part III, MathPaper: A Multiple-Document, Multiprocess Application

The third part of this book focuses on building a new application called MathPaper.

MathPaper is similar to a word processor in that it supports multiple windows, but it

behaves very differently. Users can enter mathematical expressions in a MathPaper

window, and the application will solve the expressions that were typed. The application

uses a back-end mathematical processor called Evaluator to do the mathematical

calculations. Chapter 15 leaves MathPaper but includes several small examples that

demonstrate drawing in NSView objects.

Chapter 10, introduces the MathPaper application and shows you how to write applications

that control multiple windows. We also build MathPaper's back end (Evaluator) in this

chapter, but we don't connect it to the application until the next chapter.

Chapter 11, ties MathPaper's front and back ends together with a Cocoa object that can

spawn subprocesses. By the end of this chapter, MathPaper will be able to calculate

mathematical expressions typed in by users.

Chapter 12, discusses Microsoft's Rich Text Format (RTF), which Cocoa uses to encode

information such as font, point size, and alignment into a text stream. We use RTF to make

MathPaper's output look more professional.

Chapter 13, introduces Cocoa's facilities for dealing with document files. Using

MathPaper, we show how to register a filename extension with the Finder, how to archive

information into streams, and how to save and load files with the Save and Open dialogs.

Chapter 14, shows the basics of how to draw in a window. We demonstrate this by making

an animated About box for the MathPaper application.

Chapter 15, leaves MathPaper. The chapter explores the NSView class in general and the

drawRect: method in particular. We build several small programs in this chapter to show

how NSViews work.

Part IV, GraphPaper: A Multithreaded, Mouse-Tracking Application

The fourth part of this book focuses on building one last major application, called

GraphPaper. Given a range and step, GraphPaper will graph a mathematical function in

color and use mouseovers to identify graph points. We also embed in GraphPaper many of

the standard features of commercial Mac OS X applications, such as services, copy and

paste, and the use of the Mac OS X preferences database.

Chapter 16, introduces GraphPaper, a complex application that graphs a function in two

dimensions. This application is multithreaded, meaning that it has several execution

threads and does several different things at the same time. It uses the same Evaluator back

end that MathPaper used.

Chapter 17, continues our discussion about drawing in color with Quartz. We show how to

enable users to change the color of the graph, axes, and label via a Preferences dialog.

Chapter 18, shows how to catch mouse moves and handle more kinds of mouse events. We

do this by modifying the GraphPaper application so that it displays the (x,y) coordinates of

the graph for wherever the user places the mouse.

Chapter 19, shows how to put a zoom button on a view to change its magnification. We

also show how to save a graphic image as a PDF file or as a TIFF image.

Chapter 20, shows how to put data on and remove data from the pasteboard (clipboard).

We also show how to make GraphPaper a Mac OS X service that shows up in the Services

menu, so you can graph functions that are selected in other applications.

Chapter 21, shows how to build a multi-view Preference panel and how to save its contents

into the defaults database.

This book also contains an appendix, Appendix A, which lists other books and online

resources that you might find helpful in programming Cocoa.

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