PHP与MySQL Web编程实战指南

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"Web Programming with PHP and MySQL" 是一本由Max Bramer编著的关于PHP和MySQL web开发的实践指南，由Springer出版社出版。这本书详细介绍了如何使用PHP和MySQL这两种核心技术来构建动态网站。在PHP方面，这本书可能涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. PHP基础：介绍PHP语言的基本语法，包括变量、数据类型、流程控制（如条件语句和循环）、函数的使用等。 2. PHP与HTML结合：讲解如何在HTML页面中嵌入PHP代码，以及如何处理表单数据。 3. PHP文件操作：涉及读写文件、目录操作、上传下载等功能。 4. 错误处理和调试：如何识别和修复PHP代码中的错误，以及使用调试工具。 5. 面向对象编程：介绍PHP的面向对象特性，包括类、对象、继承、封装和多态等概念。 6. PHP高级主题：可能包括命名空间、异常处理、设计模式等。在MySQL方面，读者可以学习到： 1. 数据库基础：理解数据库的基本概念，如数据库、表、字段和记录。 2. SQL语言：掌握SQL查询语言，包括增删改查（CRUD）操作，以及更复杂的联接（JOIN）、子查询等。 3. 安全性：如何防止SQL注入攻击，以及使用预处理语句和参数绑定。 4. 数据库优化：了解索引、存储引擎、查询优化等提高数据库性能的方法。 5. PHP与MySQL交互：通过PHP的MySQL扩展（如mysqli或PDO）进行数据库连接、执行查询、处理结果集等操作。此外，这本书可能还探讨了Web开发的其他相关主题： 1. Web服务器配置：如何在Apache或Nginx等服务器上部署PHP应用。 2. Session和Cookie：用于跟踪用户状态的技术。 3. MVC（模型-视图-控制器）架构：一种常见的Web应用设计模式。 4. 错误日志和调试：在开发过程中收集和分析错误信息的方法。 5. Web安全：包括XSS跨站脚本攻击、CSRF跨站请求伪造等常见安全问题的防范措施。这本书适合初学者和有一定经验的开发者，旨在通过实践案例帮助读者掌握PHP和MySQL的结合使用，以实现高效、安全的Web应用程序开发。无论是对个人技能提升还是项目实践，都是一个宝贵的资源。

The range of applications is too wide and too well-known to need labouring here

and will in any case expand yet further as time goes by. However for many applica-

tions basic HTML is not enough.

Figure 1.1 illustrates the problem. It is a very short and simple text-based page,

but typical of many millions of others. It shows the (very simple) home page for an

imaginary organisation, the Erewhon Society.

The problem with such a webpage is that it is the same every time it is seen and

for all possible users. The millionth time it is viewed it will look just the same as the

ﬁ rst time (we will ignore possible slight incompatibilities between different web

browsers). Every detail of its content and layout is as speciﬁ ed by the writer of the

HTML ﬁ le. We will call this a static webpage .

We have to admit that for a very large number of webpages none of this is a

problem at all. However, there are at least three reasons why for some purposes it

may not be satisfactory.

(1) We may wish to include information that varies from one viewing of a web page

to another, e.g. the current date and time.

(2) The user may wish to provide information for a web page to use, e.g. he or she

may wish to specify a location and a range of prices for which a list of holidays

should be displayed or the name of an author for which a list of available books

should be displayed.

(3) We may wish to include information that varies from one user to another, e.g.

details of holidays or aeroplane ﬂ ights booked or a household account with an

energy provider, or that changes frequently, such as the prices of shares owned

by an investor in a stock market.

Requirements (1) and (2) cannot be met by HTML alone. Requirement (3) could

be met provided the writer of the HTML ﬁ le could be persuaded to update it with

new share prices, perhaps several hundred or even several thousand times a day. It

would obviously be far more convenient if the ﬁ le could be left unaltered but infor-

mation such as current prices could somehow be extracted automatically from a

database and inserted in the right place when the corresponding webpage was

displayed.

To be more accurate, it is meant to be an imaginary organisation. If it turns out to be a real one,

not yet known to our search engine, we apologise in advance for any misrepresentation.

The Erewhon Society

Welcome to our home page

Today is Tuesday

Our next meeting is on December 12th at the usual venue

Fig. 1.1 A simple webpage

1 Introduction

This can certainly be done and is done every day by the well-known e-commerce

websites and many others, but it cannot be done using HTML alone. It needs aug-

menting with facilities to create, maintain and search databases and to customise the

pages displayed to the needs of individual users. PHP is one of a number of pro-

gramming languages that have been developed to work with HTML to give this

considerably enhanced functionality. Compared with many other computer pro-

gramming languages it is easy to use and makes building even quite elaborate appli-

cations straightforward to do.

Using PHP extends the facilities available in HTML considerably, especially

when used in conjunction with a database query language such as MySQL. Web

pages are still written in HTML but parts of the HTML are created automatically

from PHP 'insertions' in the HTML code by a special program known as the PHP

'interpreter'. This is located on the web server, which is why PHP is called a server-

side programming language. The PHP programmer needs no special software on his

or her PC. The user of a page written with PHP needs just a standard web browser

and will generally be entirely unaware that a page was not originally written in

HTML – except that it will often be possible to do more with it.

As an example, a travel company may wish to advertise 500 different holiday

locations. It could do this by writing 500 different web pages, one per location, but

this would be very tedious to do and the pages would inevitably all have common

features, such as the name of the company, a hyperlink to a booking form, etc.

Alternatively the company could write one 'generic' web page, giving its name,

address, etc., which displays the information about one of 500 locations taken from

a database depending on options selected by the user. This latter option is clearly far

more attractive to the company and storing the information in a database will prob-

ably make it far easier to provide the user with good search facilities.

This book is about using PHP to enhance the functionality of webpages, espe-

cially but not exclusively by providing facilities to create, maintain and interrogate

databases. PHP is not the only programming language that can be used with HTML

and MySQL is not the only database query language, but this combination is one of

the most popular and widely available. PHP can also be used very effectively with-

out MySQL to give a similar effect to having a database available using merely a

plain text ﬁ le on the server as will be illustrated in Chap. 7 . PHP is easy to use and

has many powerful features. The language was invented by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994

as an aid to maintaining his personal webpage. It has since expanded into a very

powerful general-purpose programming language. The name PHP originally stood

for Personal Home Page, but we are now told that PHP stands for 'PHP: Hypertext

Preprocessor'.

A note on terminology: Programs written in PHP or similar languages are gener-

ally called scripts rather than programs and the languages are generally called

scripting languages rather than programming languages . Those familiar with other

languages will soon realise that PHP is not just a programming language in the

standard usage of the term but a very well-designed and powerful one, which has

several unusual features. In this book we will use the terms 'program' and 'script'

interchangeably. For the beneﬁ t of those readers who know the difference, PHP is

an interpreted language not a compiled one.

1 Introduction

1.2 Notation

It is important to be able to distinguish between an HTML ﬁ le, which generally will

have one or more HTML markup tags such as <html> or , and a webpage, which

has no tags but will often have effects such as bold and italic text, tables and hyper-

links. The convention that will be used throughout this book is that lines of HTML

or PHP will be enclosed in a regular text box with a standard single-thickness bor-

der. The words, images, etc. that would appear in the web browser are displayed in

a box with a triple-thickness border.

1.3 Creating an HTML File

It is assumed that as well as knowing at least the basics of HTML you are able to

create an HTML ﬁ le as a plain text ﬁ le. There are two main ways of doing this. The

ﬁ rst and most obvious is just to type the HTML code line-by-line into a text editor

such as WordPad and then save it as a text ﬁ le. The second is to use a visual author-

ing tool such as Dreamweaver, which enables you to indicate passages of bold,

italic, etc. using a mouse in the same way as with a word processor and then save

your work in the form of an HTML text ﬁ le with the correct HTML mark up tags,

for 'start bold', for 'end bold', etc., inserted for you.

For HTML ﬁ les that are more than trivial, for example anything involving tables

(writing the code for which is tedious and error-prone in HTML), the latter approach

is strongly recommended. If you are familiar with that approach and would prefer

not to have to learn much about the minutiae of HTML, the good news is that a little

knowledge will go a long way. You can create a very complex HTML ﬁ le using a

visual authoring tool, perhaps one involving multiple fonts, colours, tables, images,

etc. and then add special – but crucial – effects such as reading client information

from a database, just by making a small PHP insertion into your HTML code at the

right place. You just need to know enough HTML to locate that place; there is no

need to know what all the rest of the HTML means in detail. The examples in this

book will make it clear how this is done.

1.4 How PHP Files Are Processed

It is conventional for an HTML ﬁ le to be given a name with the ﬁ le extension htm

or html, e.g. mypage1.htm. However most (if not all) browsers will accept any (rea-

sonable) extension, e.g. mypage1.xyz. If the ﬁ le extension chosen is php we will

call the ﬁ le a PHP ﬁ le instead of an HTML ﬁ le. Having a ﬁ le name with extension

php enables a ﬁ le to be processed by the PHP interpreter (on the server) as well as

the user's web browser. A PHP ﬁ le can contain any of the following:

1.4 How PHP Files Are Processed

• Nothing but HTML (i.e. it is just an HTML ﬁ le with a php ﬁ le extension). This

is unusual but possible.

• A single PHP script with no HTML.

• One or more (generally short) PHP scripts, which can be placed anywhere in the

ﬁ le, including at the beginning and/or at the end, the remainder of the ﬁ le being

HTML. Such short scripts are often called scripting blocks .

Each PHP scripting block begins with the ﬁ ve-character combination

<?php

and ends with the two-character combination

These are called the opening PHP tag and the closing PHP tag , respectively.

The effect of pointing a web browser at an HTML ﬁ le has been explained previ-

ously. When a web browser points to a PHP ﬁ le, the ﬁ le contents are assumed to be

HTML and the same sequence of actions is performed as before. However if the

web server ﬁ nds an opening PHP tag then rather than sending the character stream

to the web browser as usual it sends everything from the opening PHP tag to the

next closing PHP tag to the PHP interpreter (which is located on the server). The

PHP interpreter treats everything between the tags as a sequence of PHP statements

(also called instructions) and processes them one by one. (This is called 'executing

the script' or 'executing the statements'.)

The point of doing this is to achieve either or both of the following.

(1) Usually (but not invariably) a PHP script will include one or more instructions

to send a string of characters to the web browser. If there are two such state-

ments in a scripting block and executing them causes the two strings of

characters

Hello world!

and

My name is John Smith

to be output, the effect is exactly the same as far as the web browser is con-

cerned as if the PHP scripting block were replaced by the HTML characters

Hello world!My name is John Smith

(2) For most (but not all) scripts, executing the PHP statements will cause a number

of other actions to take place, for example values may be calculated and com-

pared, with the output produced depending on the values calculated or the

results of the comparisons. As well as or instead of this, executing a script may

cause (amongst other possibilities) information to be read from or written to a

database, text ﬁ les to be created, read or deleted on the server, emails to be sent

or ﬁ le protections on the server to be changed from 'read only' to 'read/write' or

vice versa. Such actions are often referred to by the slightly dismissive term

'side effects', but in some cases may be much more important than the output (if

1 Introduction

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