UML高级应用指南：实战与241幅插图

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《UML高级应用指南》(Guide to Applying the UML) 是一本由 Springer 出版社发行的专业书籍，作者是 Sinan Si Alhir。该书专注于介绍如何在实际软件开发中高级应用统一建模语言 (Unified Modeling Language, UML)，一种广泛使用的图形化工具，用于系统分析、设计和文档交流。书中包含241个插图，旨在帮助读者深入理解UML的各个概念和实践。本书的结构和内容覆盖了UML的多个方面，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **UML基础知识**：首先，读者将回顾UML的基本概念，如类、对象、用例、序列图、协作图、状态图和活动图等，这些是构建任何软件系统的基石。 2. **高级建模技术**：本书着重讲解如何在复杂项目中应用UML的高级特性，如组件/体系结构设计、模式识别（如工厂模式、单例模式等）、以及对UML的扩展和定制。 3. **领域驱动设计 (DDD)**：针对面向业务的软件开发，作者会探讨如何将UML与领域驱动设计方法相结合，以更好地理解和解决特定领域的业务问题。 4. **迭代和增量开发**：书中会讨论如何利用UML进行敏捷开发，包括迭代模型的建立、需求变更管理以及持续集成和交付的最佳实践。 5. **模型验证与一致性**：确保UML模型的有效性和一致性是关键，章节会涉及模型验证工具和技术，以及如何避免常见的设计陷阱。 6. **团队协作与沟通**：UML不仅是一种技术，也是一种有效的沟通工具。书中会强调如何通过UML促进跨职能团队间的协作和理解。 7. **案例研究与实战经验**：为了加深理解，书中提供了丰富的实际案例和实践经验，让读者能在实践中学习和应用UML高级技巧。 8. **实用技巧和最佳实践**：作者分享了一些实用的建议和最佳实践，帮助读者在面临不同项目挑战时能更有效地运用UML。最后，本书还包含了详细的参考文献和索引，方便读者进一步深化对UML及相关领域的理解。《UML高级应用指南》是一本既适合初学者掌握UML基本概念，又适合有经验开发者提升UML高级应用能力的实用手册。无论是在传统的瀑布模型还是现代敏捷开发环境中，这本书都能提供有价值的指导。

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processes, tools, and technologies, I have been able to communicate the

roadmap dynamically to practitioners via the Socratic method. The So-

cratic method is a dialectic (converse or discourse) method in which a

teacher guides a pupil into recognizing a true conclusion by progres-

sively questioning the pupil, rather than simply indicating that the con-

clusion is true, until the pupil reaches the conclusion. After practitioners

recognize that they already know this, as a community, they are empow-

ered to leverage the roadmap in adopting a process or methodology,

evolving their adopted process or methodology, and generally unifying,

optimizing, and simplifying their approach to effectively and success-

fully meeting their objectives and vision. Furthermore, any modeling

language other than the UML may be applied within the roadmap pro-

vided that there are corresponding concepts.

In addition, I am often queried by clients as to how practical I am—

especially after reading much of my work, they perceive my approach

as pedantic. To which I reply, ‘‘very practical.’’ Many actually don’t be-

lieve it until they experience working with me! Likewise, one may argue

that the roadmap is too ‘‘ideal’’ and not practical at all. However, it is

only ideal in as far as it allows us to focus our practices and practically

apply the roadmap on actual projects. If it weren’t for ideals, our prac-

tices would become incidental! Consider the results if we only did what

is expedient or easy! Doing what is practical is not synonymous with

doing what is easy and doing what is ideal is not synonymous with doing

what is difﬁcult; rather, what is easy is perhaps doing only what is prac-

tical or what is ideal alone, but what is most difﬁcult and valued is doing

what is practical in a speciﬁc context and not simply in a vacuum—that

is, applying what is ideal practically while focusing and balancing the

forces between what is real and what is ideal. It is a shame that too many

people believe that being ideal is contrary to being practical—as success

is truly a measure of practically applying what is ideal in a real context

to real situations, a lesson I was taught long ago which is only reinforced

each and every day of my professional and personal life. Likewise, it is

a shame that too many people choose to sacriﬁce what is ideal over what

is real in the face of adversity and challenges rather than endure and

evolve what is real toward what is ideal. The proof herein is all of the

pragmatic information surrounding the roadmap! After people work

with me, they often conclude that not only am I contextual, but even

situational yet strategic since every situation, even within the same con-

text, is unique—and my focus is not to be process- or roadmap-oriented,

but strategically results-oriented.

The UML is signiﬁcantly more than a standard or another modeling

language. It is a ‘‘paradigm,’’ ‘‘philosophy,’’ ‘‘revolution,’’ and ‘‘evolution’’

of how we approach problem solving and systems. It is often said that

the English language is the world’s ‘‘universal language’’; and now it is

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virtually certain that the UML will be the information systems and tech-

nology world’s ‘‘universal language.’’

This book does not contain any source code because focus is given to

the modeling language and the roadmap independent of any translation

to a speciﬁc implementation. Rather than show you how to translate a

system to a speciﬁc implementation, I show you how to apply the UML

effectively and successfully.

This book, just like every other book ever written, is a snapshot of

thoughts in time. If you discover errors in the text, please let me know.

The UML will most likely have evolved since the writing of this book;

however, this book captures the roadmap that is quintessential (not sim-

ply essential, as what is essential is necessary and fundamental, but what

is quintessential is the essence and ideal) to applying the UML effectively

and successfully. Therefore, the book should remain valuable to you.

Readers who would like to contact me to ask questions or to discuss this

book, the roadmap, the UML, object orientation, or other related topics

are very welcome to do so at the e-mail address salhir@earthlink.net or

to visit my World Wide Web site home page at http://home.earthlink.net/

salhir.

RGANIZATION AND

ONTENT

This book consists of 11 chapters. Some content is minimally repeated

and signiﬁcantly elaborated in multiple chapters so that when using this

book on a project, you can immediately access a speciﬁc chapter inde-

pendent of the other chapters and have all the related information read-

ily accessible to you.

The ﬁrst three chapters focus on introducing the UML, modeling, and

object orientation.

䡲 Chapter 1, Introduction to the Uniﬁed Modeling Language (UML),

introduces the goals, scope, and history of the UML, and considers

its relation to process and how to apply the UML effectively and suc-

cessfully. Read this chapter if you want to understand the need for

language and process.

䡲 Chapter 2, Modeling, introduces modeling languages, systems, vari-

ous mechanisms that enable us to produce better models of systems,

and considers how modeling relates to process and methodology.

Read this chapter if you want to understand how the roadmap ad-

dresses the cultural war between heavyweight and lightweight pro-

cesses for the heart and soul of process.

䡲 Chapter 3, Object Orientation, introduces the principles of object ori-

entation, the foundational concepts that enable us to model system,

and how to communicate these concepts using the UML. Read this

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xix

chapter if you want to gain a detailed tutorial overview of the UML

notation.

The next overview chapter focuses on the roadmap, and the ﬁve de-

tailed chapters following it focus on the various UML modeling tech-

niques and how they are used within the roadmap. The overview chapter

is a launching point into the detailed chapters. Each detailed chapter is

organized into two sections: the ﬁrst section elaborates on the UML

modeling techniques presented in Chapter 3 with various essential rules,

principles, and style guidelines using examples; and the second section

discusses how the UML modeling techniques are used within the context

of the roadmap presented in Chapter 4. Essential rules address ‘‘what is

. . .’’ questions concerning the UML modeling elements, essential prin-

ciples address ‘‘what is . . .’’ questions concerning UML models, and

essential style guidelines address ‘‘how to . . .’’ questions concerning the

UML modeling elements. Read the overview chapter if you want to gain

an overview of the roadmap. Read the detailed chapters if you want to

gain more depth in understanding the UML notation and the roadmap.

These chapters do not contain all of the answers, but provide a frame-

work for asking and answering questions; identifying, evaluating, and

selecting options; and considering the ramiﬁcations of speciﬁc choices.

If you are new to the UML and are interested in more detail than pro-

vided in Chapter 3, you may consider reading the portions of Chapters

5–9 focusing on the UML modeling techniques before reading Chapter

4, and then returning to the detailed chapters to focus on how the UML

modeling techniques are used within the context of the roadmap.

䡲 Chapter 4, The Roadmap, provides an overview of the roadmap.

The roadmap is derived by exploring the UML sentence, establishing

a roadmap space, deﬁning a general roadmap, elaborating a detailed

roadmap, and specifying a notational roadmap—conglomerating the

contents of Chapters 2 and 3. Use this overview chapter as a launch-

ing point into the detailed Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

䡲 Chapter 5, Use-Case (User) Modeling, focuses on use-case diagrams

and modeling the functional dimension of a system—what function-

ality the system provides to its users—captured in a conceptualiza-

tion model.

䡲 Chapter 6, Structural (Static) Modeling, focuses on class and object

diagrams and modeling the structural or static dimension of a sys-

tem—what elements and their relationships constitute a system—

captured in a speciﬁcation model.

䡲 Chapter 7, Behavioral (Dynamic) Modeling, focuses on sequence,

collaboration, state, and activity diagrams and modeling the behav-

ioral or dynamic dimension of a system—how the elements that col-

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laborate to constitute a system interact to provide the functionality

of the system—captured in a speciﬁcation model.

䡲 Chapter 8, Component (Implementation) Modeling, focuses on com-

ponent diagrams and modeling the implementation dimension of a

system—how a system is implemented—captured in an implemen-

tation model.

䡲 Chapter 9, Deployment (Environment) Modeling, focuses on deploy-

ment diagrams and modeling the environment dimension of a sys-

tem—how the implementation or implemented system resides in its

environment—captured in an implementation model.

The last two chapters focus on introducing the UML’s extension

mechanisms and the Object Constraint Language (OCL), a constraint

language for the UML.

䡲 Chapter 10, Extension Mechanisms, introduces the UML’s extension

mechanisms. Read this chapter if you want to gain an introductory

understanding of how to extend the UML.

䡲 Chapter 11, The Object Constraint Language (OCL), introduces the

OCL. Read this chapter if you want to gain an introductory under-

standing of how to use the OCL.

A minimal reference section is provided to notable resources on the

World Wide Web and various books. Visit the World Wide Web resources

for links to other resources, including methodologies and processes,

tools, and technologies that leverage and implement the UML.

CKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are a number of individuals who made this work possible, specif-

ically those who had to live with me, who demonstrated an abundance

of encouragement, patience, understanding, and had to sacriﬁce a part

of themselves to make this endeavor real.

I thank God for making everything possible, and I thank my family

for what has been, is, and will be: My father Saad and mother Rabab,

for planting and nurturing the seed that has germinated to become my

world; my brothers Ghazwan and Phillip, for being pivotal agents of

change in my world; my wife Milad, for being a constant source of com-

panionship in my world; and last, but surely never least, my daughter

Nora, who continuously enables my adaptation and evolution by forcing

me to learn the truths I failed to learn from my own childhood and by

forcing me to reexamine and evaluate the ‘‘truths’’ I have learned.

I would also like to thank my mentors, Dr. Carl V. Page and Dr. George

C. Stockman, for their continued and everlasting ‘‘presence’’ in my world

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