Foreword xvii
these warehouses into data marts for faster decisions that are tightly associ-
ated with specific lines of business needs. These developments, over a short
period of ten years in the 1990s, made the IT department a key competitive
differentiator for every business venture. Thousands of applications were
born—some horizontal across industries, some specific to domains such as
purchasing, shipping, transportation, and more. Codenames such as ERP
(Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management), and oth-
ers became commonplace.
By the late 1990s, inevitably, different portions of an organization used
different data management systems to store and search their critical data,
leading to federated database engines (under the IBM codename Garlic).
Then, in 2001, came the era of XML. The DB2 pureXML technology offers
sophisticated capabilities to store, process, and manage XML data in its na-
tive hierarchical format. Although XML allowed a flexible schema and ease
of portability as key advantages, the widespread use of e-mail, accumulation
of back office content, and other technologies led to the demand for content
management systems and the era of analyzing unstructured and semistruc-
tured data in enterprises was born. Today, the advent of the Internet, cou-
pled with complete democratization of content creation and distribution in
multiple formats, has led to the explosion of all types of data. Data is now not
only big, both in terms of volume and variety, but it has a velocity compo-
nent to it as well. The ability for us to glean the nuggets of information em-
bedded in such a cacophony of data, at precisely the time of need, makes it
very exciting. We are sitting at the cusp of another evolution, popularly
called as Big Data.
At IBM, our mission is to help our clients achieve their business objectives
through technological innovations, and we’ve being doing it for a century as
of 2011. During the last five decades, IBM has invented technologies and
delivered multiple platforms to meet the evolving data management chal-
lenges of our customers. IBM invented the relational database more than
30 years ago, which has become an industry standard with multiple products
provided by IBM alone (for example, DB2, Informix, Solid DB, and others).
Relational databases have further specialized into multidimensional data
warehouses, with highly parallel data servers, a breadth of dedicated
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