使用GDB进行调试：GNU Source-Level Debugger实战

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"GDB 手册" GDB，全称 GNU Debugger，是用于调试 C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran、Ada、Go 等语言的源代码级调试器。这篇文档是 GDB 的第九版，适用于版本 6.4.50.20051230。它由 Richard Stallman、Roland Pesch、Stan Shebs 等人编写，并鼓励用户通过 bug-gdb@gnu.org 报告问题和提供反馈。 GDB 提供了一系列功能强大的工具，帮助开发者在程序运行时检查其内部状态，包括： 1. **设置断点**：允许在特定行或函数上暂停程序执行，以便在达到这些点时检查程序的状态。 2. **单步执行**：可以逐行执行代码，观察每一步如何改变变量的值和程序的流程。 3. **查看内存**：可以查看和修改程序中的内存区域，检查数据结构和变量的值。 4. **跟踪变量**：自动监视一个或多个变量的变化，无需手动检查。 5. **调用堆栈**：查看当前的函数调用栈，了解程序执行的上下文。 6. **继续执行**：在暂停后，可以选择继续执行直到下一个断点或程序结束。 7. **线程和进程调试**：支持多线程和多进程应用的调试，可以切换和控制不同线程或进程。 8. **远程调试**：允许通过网络对运行在其他机器上的程序进行调试。 9. **动态加载库支持**：在程序运行时加载和卸载共享库，方便调试与库相关的错误。 10. **命令脚本**：可以通过 gdb 脚本语言编写自动化调试任务，提高调试效率。 GDB 还提供了丰富的命令集，包括 `run`（启动程序）、`break`（设置断点）、`next`（单步执行）、`step`（进入函数）、`print`（打印变量值）、`continue`（继续执行）等。此外，GDB 支持使用 TUI（文本用户界面）模式，以图形化的方式展示源代码和调试信息。该手册还涵盖了 GDB 的高级特性，如动态类型检查、GDB 脚本语言（Python 集成）、调试核心转储以及如何调试特定的异常和错误。对于想要深入理解程序行为、查找和修复错误的开发者来说，GDB 是一个不可或缺的工具。 GDB 的发行遵循 GNU Free Documentation License，这意味着任何人都有权复制、分发和修改该文档，甚至可以用于商业目的。同时，出版该手册的目的是为 GNU 项目筹集资金，以支持自由软件的发展。

4 Debugging with gdb

Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris

Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran de-

bugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed

SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powern-

ode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry

support. Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support.

Andreas Schwab contributed M68K gnu/Linux support.

Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries.

Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that gdb and GAS agree about several

machine instruction sets.

Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote

debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote

debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.

Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and

command history.

Andrew Beers of SUNY Buﬀalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 sup-

port, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.

Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also e nhanced the

command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.

Hitachi America (now Renesas America), Ltd. sponsored the support for H8/300,

H8/500, and Super-H processors.

NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors.

Mitsubishi (now Renesas) sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D proces-

sors.

Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.

Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors.

Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.

Kung Hs u, Jeﬀ Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints.

Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.

Stu Gross man wrote gdbserver.

Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable

bug ﬁxes and c leanups throughout gdb.

The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed support for the PA-

RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0 (narrow mode), HP’s implementation

of kernel threads, HP’s aC++ compiler, and the Text User Interface (nee Terminal User

Interface): Ben Krepp, Richard Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann, Satish

Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer, and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase provided HP-speciﬁc

information in this manual.

DJ Delorie ported gdb to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project. Robert Hoehne made

signiﬁcant contributions to the DJGPP port.

Cygnus Solutions has sponsored gdb maintenance and much of its development since

1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on gdb fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim

Chapter 1: A Sample gdb Session 7

1 A Sample gdb Session

You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about gdb. However, a handful of

commands are enough to get started using the debugger. This chapter illustrates those

commands.

In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: input, to make it easier to pick

out from the surrounding output.

One of the preliminary versions of gnu m4 (a generic macro processor) exhibits the

following bug: sometimes, when we change its quote strings from the default, the commands

used to capture one macro deﬁnition within another stop working. In the following short m4

session, we deﬁne a macro foo which expands to 0000; we then use the m4 built-in defn to

deﬁne bar as the same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to <QUOTE>

and the close quote string to <UNQUOTE>, the same procedure fails to deﬁne a new synonym

baz:

$ cd gnu/m4

$ ./m4

deﬁne(foo,0000)

foo

0000

deﬁne(bar,defn(‘foo’))

bar

0000

changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)

deﬁne(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))

baz

C-d

m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string

Let us use gdb to try to see what is going on.

$ gdb m4

gdb is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies

of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see

the conditions.

There is absolutely no warranty for gdb; type "show warranty"

for details.

(gdb)

gdb reads only enough symbol data to know where to ﬁnd the rest when needed; as a result,

the ﬁrst prompt comes up very quickly. We now tell gdb to use a narrower display width

than usual, so that examples ﬁt in this manual.

(gdb) set width 70

We need to see how the m4 built-in changequote works. Having looked at the source, we

know the relevant subroutine is m4_changequote, so we set a breakpoint there with the

gdb break command.

(gdb) break m4 changequote

Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.

Using the run command, we start m4 running under gdb control; as long as c ontrol does

not reach the m4_changequote subroutine, the program runs as usual:

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