提高性能的Bi2MoO6/聚苯胺纳米复合材料：全固态超级电容器的关键
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本文报道了一种全固态不对称超级电容器所使用的创新材料——Bi2MoO6/Polyaniline (BMP)纳米复合材料的合成与表征。这种复合材料的研究由Fangsheng Wang、Xiaohong Wang（*）等人在江苏大学化学与化工学院和南通大学化学与化工学院进行。他们通过简单的化学聚合方法，利用钠木质素磺酸钠(SLS)作为掺杂剂，将Bi2MoO6与PANI结合，制备出性能优越的新型电极材料。
BMP纳米复合材料的特性在于其具有显著的比表面积，这使得反应活性位点增多，有利于电荷存储。此外，其结构稳定性优良，能够在充放电过程中有效地承受应力，确保了电容器在长时间使用中的稳定性能。更重要的是，由于Bi2MoO6和PANI的协同作用，复合材料展示了出色的电子和离子传输能力，这对于提高超级电容器的充放电速率至关重要。这些优点使得Bi2MoO6/Polyaniline纳米复合材料成为全固态不对称超级电容器的理想选择，能够在高功率密度和循环寿命方面表现出色。
研究过程包括样品的制备、表征分析，如X射线衍射(XRD)用于确定晶体结构，扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)来观察材料的微观形貌，以及电化学测试来评估电容性能。结果表明，这种新型材料在不同电流密度下表现出优异的电容保持率和快速的充放电速率，显示出在实际应用中可能具有广泛的应用前景，特别是在能源储存和转换领域，如电动车、可穿戴设备和储能系统中。
这篇研究论文详细介绍了如何通过化学途径合成具有高性能的全固态不对称超级电容器用Bi2MoO6/Polyaniline纳米复合材料，并探讨了其潜在的优势和应用潜力，为固体电容器技术的发展提供了新的思路和基础。
P
¼
E
Dt
3600
ð3Þ
Where
the
representative
letters
are
the
same
as
the
above-
mentioned.
2.4.
Fabrication
of
the
all-solid-state
asymmetric
supercapacitor
The
all-solid-state
asymmetric
supercapacitor
device
was
assembled
using
the
BMP-2
hybrid
electrode
as
positive
electrode,
an
AC
electrode
as
the
negative
electrode,
and
PVA-KOH
gel
as
semisolid
electrolyte.
The
PVA-KOH
gel
electrolyte
was
prepared
according
to
the
previous
report.
Firstly,
6
g
polyvinyl
alcohol
(PVA)
was
dispersed
into
60
ml
of
deionized
water
and
heated
at
85
C
under
continuous
stirring
until
it
became
homogeneously
clear.
Next,
when
the
solution
was
cooled
down,
3.36
g
KOH
was
added
to
the
viscous
solution
slowly
under
constant
stirring
until
a
uniform
solution
was
obtained.
Whereafter,
the
as-prepared
BMP-2
hybrid
electrode
and
AC
electrode
were
immersed
into
the
PVA-KOH
solution
for
same
time
and
then
assembled
together.
All
the
electrochemical
tests
of
ASC
device
were
carried
out
in
a
two-
electrode
configuration
at
room
temperature.
3.
Results
and
discussion
The
X-ray
powder
diffraction
patterns
of
the
BM
nanosheets,
pure
PANI
and
BMP-2
nanocomposite
are
shown
in
Fig.1A.
It
can
be
seen
that
both
BM
nanosheets
and
BMP-2
nanocomposite
have
several
typical
sharp
diffraction
peaks,
which
suggest
a
good
crystallization
of
them.
For
the
pristine
BM,
the
diffraction
peaks
at
2u
=
10.9,
28.3,
32.6,
46.7
and
53.1
can
be
indexed
to
the
(020),
(131),
(002),
(062),
and
(133)
planes
of
orthorhombic
BM
(JCPDS:21-0102),
respectively.
Meanwhile,
the
characteristic
peak
centered
at
2u
=
25.37
due
to
the
presence
of
quinoid
rings
in
PANI
chains,
corresponding
to
the
(200)
diffraction
planes,
which
is
in
good
agreement
with
the
reported
value
for
the
PANI[32,33].
As
for
the
BMP-2
nanocomposite,
it
has
a
similar
XRD
pattern
to
the
pristine
Bi
2
MoO
6
without
detection
of
PANI
peaks,
suggesting
the
presence
of
Bi
2
MoO
6
nanosheets
and
a
non-crystalline
state
for
PANI
in
the
composite.
In
fact
it
also
indicates
clearly
the
PANI
has
no
significant
impact
on
the
crystalline
behavior
of
the
BM.
Moreover,
the
average
crystallite
size
of
the
as-prepared
samples
can
be
reckoned
from
the
XRD
spectra
by
the
Scherrer’s
equation,
D
=
0.9l/(bcosu),
where
D,
l,
b,
and
u
represent
the
average
crystalline
size,
the
wavelength
of
Cu-Karadiation
(l=0.15406
nm),
the
full
width
at
half
maximum
of
the
diffraction
peaks,
and
the
Bragg’s
angle,
respectively.
Accordingly,
the
calculated
average
sizes
of
BM
nanosheets
are
about
45
nm
and
48
nm
for
pure
BM
and
BMP-2
nanocomposite.
Because
of
the
broadening
of
the
diffraction
peaks
caused
by
internal
stress
and
defects,
the
average
crystallite
size
estimated
by
the
Scherrer’s
equation
is
usually
less
than
actual
value.
The
thermal
stability
of
the
as-prepared
BM,
PANI,
BMP-2
nanocomposite
is
determined
using
TGA
analysis
by
applying
temperature
from
room
temperature
to
1000
C
at
a
rate
of
10
C.
As
shown
in
Fig.
1B,
the
hybrid
BMP-2
nanocomposite
shows
three-step
weight
loss
regions.
The
first
observed
5.20%
weight
loss
before
180
C
is
probably
due
to
the
loss
of
hydroxyl
groups
and
surface
absorbed
solvents
[34,35].
The
second
weight
loss
about
18.60%
between
180
C
and
400
C
is
mainly
ascribed
to
the
removal
of
acid
dopant
and
degradation
of
polymer
chain.
It
is
to
be
noted
that
above
400
C,
there
is
a
significant
weight
loss
observed
about
23.20%
which
attributes
to
the
decomposition
and
oxidation
of
PANI
in
air.
By
contrast,
the
pure
BM
displays
almost
no
weight
change
in
the
whole
tested
temperature
range.
So
the
weight
content
of
PANI
in
BMP-2
nanocomposite
is
calculated
to
be
about
36.60%.
For
PANI,
the
pathway
of
weight
loss
is
similar
to
the
BMP-2
nanocomposite.
The
surface
morphology
of
the
as-prepared
samples
was
investigated
by
FESEM
analysis,
which
may
be
a
pivotal
factor
that
influences
the
supercapacitive
performances
[36,37].
Fig.
2A
shows
the
SEM
image
of
the
BM,
revealing
the
formation
of
dense
and
uniform
nanosheets
without
any
specific
shape,
which
are
similar
to
the
morphology
of
the
BMP-3
(Fig.
2E).
It
can
be
clearly
observed
that
the
amount
of
BM
had
a
significant
effect
on
the
morphology
of
the
BMP
nanocomposites.
In
Fig.
2B,
the
BMP-1
nanocomposite
also
displays
a
compact,
sheet-like
morphology,
while
PANI
nanostructures
are
deposited
into
the
nanosheets
gap
decreasing
the
electrostatic
contact
and
the
diffusion
of
ions.
Interestingly,
when
the
amount
of
BM
is
further
increased,
the
BMP-2
nanocomposite
appeared
to
be
highly
layered
in
nature.
Fig.
2C
and
D
depict
the
FESEM
images
of
BMP-2
nanocomposite
in
different
magnifications,
clearly
revealing
many
microspheres
composed
of
regular
nanosheets,
and
a
curled
and
wrinkled
surface
and
the
good
interaction
between
the
BM
nanosheets
and
PANI.
Moreover,
the
decoration
of
the
PANI
coating
significantly
increases
the
thickness
and
surface
roughness
of
the
BM
nano-
sheets.
The
EDX
spectrum
and
SEM
elemental
mapping
results
of
the
BMP-2
nanocomposite
displayed
in
Fig.
2F
and
Fig.
S1
are
in
accord
with
XPS
spectra
and
further
verify
the
uniform
presence
of
Bi,
Mo,
C,
O
and
N.
Further
information
about
the
BMP-2
nanocomposite
is
recorded
by
the
TEM.
The
low-magnified
image
shows
(Fig.
3A)
that
the
microsphere
structure
is
composed
of
two-dimensional
Fig.
1.
(A)
XRD
patterns
and
(B)
TGA
curves
of
BM,
PANI,
BMP-2
nanocomposite.
F.
Wu
et
al.
/
Electrochimica
Acta
245
(2017)
685–695
687
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