深入解析C++标准库：STL全面指南
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"C++ Standard Library, The: A Tutorial and Reference"
C++标准库是C++编程语言的一个核心组成部分，它提供了丰富的预定义容器、算法、迭代器和函数对象，极大地提高了程序员的效率和代码的可复用性。本书《C++ Standard Library》由Nicolai M. Josuttis撰写，是一本深入讲解C++标准库的教程和参考书。书中不仅详细介绍了标准模板库（STL），还涵盖了其他关键的库组件。
标准模板库（STL）是C++标准库中最著名的部分，包括了四种主要组件：容器（containers）、迭代器（iterators）、算法（algorithms）和函数对象（function objects，也称为适配器或仿函数）。这些组件协同工作，提供了一种面向对象和泛型编程的方式。
1. 容器：容器是一组对象的集合，如vector（动态数组）、list（双向链表）、deque（双端队列）、set（红黑树实现的集合）、map（键值对的关联容器）等。它们提供了统一的接口来管理内存和元素，使得插入、删除和访问元素变得简单。
2. 迭代器：迭代器是C++中一种特殊的指针，可以用于遍历容器中的元素。它们提供了统一的访问方法，支持前向、双向和随机访问，如迭代器的递增、递减、比较和解引用操作。
3. 算法：算法库包含了一系列用于操作数据结构的函数，如排序（sort）、查找（find）、合并（merge）和复制（copy）等。这些函数可以应用于容器中的元素，无需了解底层实现。
4. 函数对象：函数对象（或仿函数）是一种封装了操作的类，它们可以作为函数参数传递，模仿函数的行为。常见的函数对象有加法运算符（+）、比较运算符（<）等，还可以自定义函数对象以实现特定功能。
除了STL，C++标准库还包括I/O流库（iostream）、异常处理库（exception）、智能指针（smart pointers）、字符串库（string）、内存管理库（memory）以及许多其他实用工具。例如，iostream库允许进行输入输出操作，如cout和cin；异常处理库提供了异常安全的编程机制；智能指针自动管理对象生命周期，避免内存泄漏。
此外，书中还讨论了库的模板元编程、模板特化、命名空间、类型转换、多线程支持等内容。通过阅读此书，读者不仅可以深入理解C++标准库的原理，还能学习如何有效地利用这些工具来编写高效、可维护的代码。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的C++开发者，都能从中受益匪浅，扩展自己的C++知识体系。
The C++ Standard Library
dyne-book
15
Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When
you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a
typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:
template <class T>
inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)
{
// if a <b then use b else use a
return a < b ? b : a;
}
Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller
calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if
not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a
class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.
[3]
[3]
class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.
However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).
Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for
container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The
C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or
Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string
classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set
(see Chapter 11).
A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for
each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the
handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function
available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,
the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by
using inline functions.
[4]
[4]
To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a
template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.
The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in
general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the
following paragraphs.
Nontype Template Parameters
In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype
parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>
(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the
template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with
50 bits:
bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits
bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits
These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you
can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).
Default Template Parameters
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