ECMA-167标准：通用光盘格式与UDF文件系统解析

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"ECMA-167是一个由欧洲计算机制造商协会(ECMA)制定的关于通用磁盘格式的标准，也被称为ISO/IEC 13346。这个标准主要针对一次写入、可重写媒体上的非顺序记录信息交换，涉及到卷和文件结构。" ECMA-167格式是一个广泛应用于光盘存储技术的标准，特别是在DVD、蓝光等光学媒体上。该标准的第三版发布于1997年，旨在标准化信息和通信系统的存储方式。其核心目标是提供一种跨平台的文件交换机制，确保不同设备和操作系统之间能够兼容地读取和写入数据。 ECMA-167标准分为五个主要部分： 1. **Part1 - General**：这部分概述了标准的基本概念、目的和范围，定义了与文件系统相关的通用术语和规则，为后续部分提供了基础框架。 2. **Part2 - Volume and Boot Block Recognition**：这部分详细描述了卷的识别和启动块的结构，包括如何初始化和验证磁盘，以及如何处理启动信息，使得系统能够正确识别和加载存储在介质上的数据。 3. **Part3 - Volume Structure**：卷结构部分详细规定了如何组织磁盘空间，包括分区、逻辑块地址(LBA)映射、空间分配和管理，以及错误检测和纠正机制。 4. **Part4 - File Structure**：文件结构部分定义了如何存储和管理文件，包括文件元数据（如权限、时间戳、大小等）的表示，以及目录结构和链接的处理。 5. **Part5 - Record Structure**：记录结构部分涉及实际数据的存储方式，包括记录的编码、校验和以及数据的物理布局，以确保高效的数据访问和可靠性。 ECMA-167与ECMA-107和ECMA-119等其他文件系统标准的主要区别在于它的功能更为强大，这主要归功于它对非顺序记录的支持，这使得在一次写入、可重写媒体上进行高效的数据操作成为可能。此外，它还支持更高级别的错误检测和恢复机制，确保数据在面对物理损坏时仍能被可靠地读取。 ECMA-167的发展历程表明，随着信息技术的进步，存储需求不断增长，对文件系统标准的需求也在不断提升。这个标准的推出促进了光盘存储技术的发展，为多媒体内容、软件分发和大量数据备份等领域提供了坚实的基础。随着技术的演进，ECMA-167标准也在不断地更新和完善，以适应新的存储媒介和应用需求。

- 1/2 -

4 References

ECMA-6 7-Bit Coded Character Set (1991)

ECMA-35 Code Extension Techniques (1994)

ECMA-48 Control Functions for Coded Character Sets (1991)

ECMA-94 8-Bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets - Latin Alphabets No. 1 to No. 4 (1986)

ECMA-107 Volume and File Structure of Flexible Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange (1995)

ECMA-119 Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange (1987)

ECMA-167/2 Volume and File Structure for Write-Once and Rewritable Media using Non-Sequential Recording for

Information Interchange, 2

Edition, December 1994

ECMA-168 Volume and File Structure for Read-Only and Write-Once Compact Disk Media for Information

Interchange (1994).

ISO/IEC 13800:1996 Information Technology - Procedure for the registration of identifiers and attributes for

volume and file structure

5 Definitions

For the purpose of this ECMA Standard, the following definitions apply.

5.1 application

A program that processes the contents of a file, and may also process selected attribute data relating to the file or to

the volume(s) on which the file is recorded.

5.2 byte

A string of eight binary digits operated upon as a unit. If the standard for recording (see 1/5.10) specifies that the

container for the recording of a byte has more than eight bits, in this ECMA Standard a byte shall be recorded in the

least significant eight bits of the container with the remaining bits of the container set to ZERO.

5.3 descriptor

A structure containing descriptive information about a volume or a file.

5.4 file

A collection of information.

5.5 implementation

A set of processes which enable an information processing system to behave as an originating system, or as a

receiving system, or as both types of system.

5.6 originating system

An information processing system which can create a set of files on a volume set for the purpose of data interchange

with another system.

5.7 receiving system

An information processing system which can read a set of files from a volume set which has been created by another

system for the purpose of data interchange.

- 1/4 -

6.1.2 Hexadecimal notation

Numbers in hexadecimal notation are represented as a sequence of one or more hexadecimal digits prefixed by

“#”:

6.2 Bit fields

Certain fields containing an integral value, or parts of fields containing an integral value, are intended to be

interpreted as an array of bits. This array of bits shall be referred to as a bit field.

Bit positions within an n bit field are numbered such that the least significant bit is numbered 0 and the most

significant bit is numbered n

−

6.3 Descriptor formats

Descriptor formats shall be specified by a figure specifying the location, length, name and contents of each field.

The interpretation of each field shall be given in the prose associated with the figure.

Figure 1 - Example descriptor format

The descriptor specified by figure 1/1 has six fields:

− The Data Length field shall be a 32-bit unsigned integer recorded according to 1/7.1.5 in byte positions 0 to 3 of

the descriptor. The value of this field may be referred to as D_L.

− The Application Identifier field shall be a 32 byte field specifying an identification of an application recorded

according to 1/7.4 in byte positions 4 to 35 of the descriptor.

− The Reserved field shall be 4 bytes, each with the value #00, recorded in byte positions 36 to 39 of the

descriptor.

− The Type field shall be the number 57 as a 16-bit signed integer recorded according to 1/7.1.4 in byte positions

40 to 41 of the descriptor.

− The Implementation Use field shall be D_L bytes recorded in byte positions 42 to (D_L+41), where D_L is the

value recorded in the Data Length field of this descriptor. A symbolic length referred to in a descriptor shall

either be defined within that descriptor or be described in the interpretation of the field it is used in. The

specification of the interpretation for this field might state that the interpretation of those bytes is not specified

by this ECMA Standard, or could specify some specific interpretation for those bytes.

− The Padding field shall be a variable length field, as indicated by the asterisk “*”, of bytes, each with a value of

#00. The specification of the interpretation for the field shall specify the length of the field.

hexadecimal digit 0123456789ABCDEF

decimal value 0123456789101112131415

Byte position Length in bytes Name Contents

0 4 Data Length (=D_L)

Uint32

(1/7.1.5)

4 32 Application Identifier

regid

(1/7.4)

36 4 Reserved #00 bytes

40 2 Type

Int16

(1/7.1.4) =57

42 D_L Implementation Use bytes

[D_L+42] * Padding #00 bytes

- 1/5 -

6.4 Character strings

A value for a sequence of bytes may be specified by a quoted sequence of characters, encoded according to the

International Reference Version of ECMA-6. For example, “Sheep” shall represent the bytes #53, #68, #65, #65,

#70.

6.5 Arithmetic notation

The notation ip(x) shall mean the integer part of x.

The notation rem(a,b) shall mean a−b×ip(a /b), where a and b are integers.

6.6 Schema

The notation specified by this clause, hereafter referred to as schema, specifies the format of a structure, or sequence

of structures, by construction. White space is unimportant. A structure shall be a sequence of terms. A term shall be

either a name enclosed by

or a structure definition enclosed by

{}

. A term may be given a name label by

preceding the term with [

label

]

A term may be suffixed by one of the repetition operators in figure 1/2.

Figure 2 - Repetition operators

The expression term1 | term2 means either term1 or term2 shall appear at this place in the sequence.

Names shall be resolved in one of the following three ways:

− the name is that of a descriptor or term defined in this ECMA Standard

− the name has been defined in this structure definition using the [ ] notation

− the name will be defined in the prose associated with the structure definition

If a term is followed by a clause enclosed in (

), it shall refer to only those objects specified by the term for which

the clause is true.

These operators shall be applied in increasing order of precedence with the

operator having lowest precedence:

| repetition operator [ ] (

)

As an example, the schema shown in figure 1/3, specifies that the term Set means zero or more Groups, where a

Group is a sequence of two or more Group Headers, followed by a Group Element, which is one of three

alternatives (one or two Type-1 Descriptors, or a single Type-2 Descriptor whose length is even, or one or more

Type-3 Descriptors), followed by one or more Group Trailers.

[Set]{

[Group]{

<Group Header> 2+

[Group Element]{

<Type-1 Descriptor> 1+2

| <Type-2 Descriptor>(descriptor length is even)

| <Type-3 Descriptor> 1+

}

<Group Trailer> 1+

} 0+

}

Figure 3 - Example schema

Operator Interpretation

n + mn to m occurrences inclusive

n+ n or more occurrences

nn occurrences exactly

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