FPGA编程入门：硬件思维导引

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"《初识FPGA - 硬件编程金属》是Aiken Pang和Peter Membrey合著的一本关于FPGA（Field-Programmable Gate Array，现场可编程门阵列）技术的入门书籍，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握硬件编程的基础知识。该书由美国Chelmsford的Aiken Pang和香港Lai Chi Kok的Peter Membrey共同撰写，由AlliterBooks出版社发行。" 在《初识FPGA - 硬件编程金属》中，作者们深入浅出地介绍了FPGA的基本概念和技术，这是电子工程领域中一个极其重要的部分。FPGA是一种可编程的集成电路，允许用户根据特定需求自定义逻辑电路，广泛应用于各种嵌入式系统、通信设备、图像处理和高性能计算等领域。该书首先会讲解FPGA的基础知识，包括FPGA的架构，如查找表（LUT）、可编程逻辑块（CLB）、输入/输出单元（IOB）以及互连资源等。接着，读者将学习如何使用硬件描述语言（HDL，如VHDL或Verilog）来设计和实现数字逻辑电路，这些语言是FPGA设计的核心工具。书中还会涉及FPGA的设计流程，从逻辑设计到仿真验证，再到硬件实现和下载。此外，书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **FPGA设计工具**：介绍Xilinx的Vivado、Intel（原Altera）的Quartus II等主流FPGA开发工具的使用方法，包括项目创建、IP核集成、时序分析等。 2. **数字逻辑设计**：通过实例解释基本的逻辑门、组合逻辑电路和时序逻辑电路，如寄存器、计数器和状态机的设计。 3. **接口协议**：讲解常见的接口标准，如SPI、I2C、UART等，并指导如何在FPGA中实现这些接口。 4. **并行与串行通信**：介绍高速串行接口如PCIe、SerDes等，以及如何在FPGA中实现高效的并行和串行数据传输。 5. **系统级设计**：探讨如何将FPGA与微处理器、存储器和其他外设集成，构建完整的嵌入式系统。 6. **硬件调试技巧**：教授如何使用逻辑分析仪、示波器等工具进行硬件级别的调试和问题排查。 7. **实时系统和硬件加速**：讨论FPGA在实时计算和高性能计算中的应用，以及如何利用FPGA进行算法加速。通过阅读本书，读者不仅能够理解FPGA的工作原理，还能掌握实际设计和实现FPGA项目所需的技能，从而将软件思维扩展到硬件编程，实现“大脑在硬件上的运行”。《初识FPGA - 硬件编程金属》是一本面向初学者的实用教程，旨在帮助读者快速进入FPGA的世界，开启硬件编程之旅。无论是对电子工程、计算机科学还是相关领域的学生，或是对FPGA感兴趣的业余爱好者，都能从中受益。

PART I

Getting Started with FPGA

CHAPTER 1 ■ WHAT IS AN FPGA AND WHAT CAN IT DO?

FPGAs allow designers to modify their designs very late in the design cycle —even after the end product

has been manufactured and deployed in the field. Sound familiar? It should sound a lot like Windows updates

or Android/Apple phone software updates. That's one of the most powerful and compelling features of

an FPGA but please don’t treat FPGA design as a software programming exercise for a microcontroller or

processor. An FPGA is not a processor with software. It is an amazing device that allows the average person to

create his or her very own digital circuit. You are designing a hardware digital circuit when you are creating an

FPGA design. You are going to use a hardware description language (which, incidentally, is used by Intel CPU

chip designers too) to design your FPGA. This is a very important concept. We will provide more details when

we are putting together some example designs in the later chapters. In the following sections we’ll provide a

little bit more detail about field-programmable, gates, and arrays and what they can do.

1.1 Field-Programmable

The most valuable FPGA feature is that the end user can program or configure it within seconds. This means

that the end user can change the hardware design in the FPGA chip quickly and at will. For example, the

FPGA can change from temperature sensor to LED (light-emitting diode) driver within a few seconds. This

means that FPGAs are useful for rapid product development and prototyping. This field-programmable

magic is done by a configuration file, often called a bit file which is created by a designer (you). Once loaded,

the FPGA will behave like the digital circuit you designed!

1.1.1 Configuration Technology

Table1-1 lists the three types of configuration technologies: static random access memory (SRAM), flash

memory, and antifuse.

Table 1-1. Different Types of Configuration Technology

SRAM Flash Antifuse

Achronix YES -- --

Altera YES -- --

Lattice YES -- --

Microsemi -- YES YES

Xilinx YES -- --

Most of the FPGA vendors are using SRAM technology. It is fast and small, and it offers unlimited

reprogrammability. One of the drawbacks though is that the FPGA needs time to reload the entire design

into SRAM every time you power up the FPGA. This approach also takes more power.

Flash and antifuse technologies are non-volatile (meaning that they can retain data even if the power is

turned off) so that they provide the benefit of “instant on” without needing to reload the FPGA bit file every

time we power up the FPGA or the system. They also draw less power than the SRAM approach.

Antifuse technology can only be programmed once and can’t match the performance of SRAM

technology. The only reasons to use an antifuse technology FPGA today is due to its super high reliability

and security.

CHAPTER 1 ■ WHAT IS AN FPGA AND WHAT CAN IT DO?

■ Tips The world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator—Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—uses

antifuse FPGAs to implement radiation protection digital circuits.

This book focuses on SRAM technology because it is the most common technology and is the easiest to

program. Most of the SRAM-based FPGAs have an external EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable

read-only memory) for storing the bit file, similar to how a computer stores programs on disk. All you need

to do is “burn” your bit file into the EERPOM and the FPGA will autoload the bit file from the EEPROM when

it powers up.

1.2 Gates = Logic

The gate is the most basic element in digital logic and is more formally known as a logic gate. All modern

digital designs are based on CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) logic gates. To support

complex digital designs, FPGAs contain tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even more individual

logic elements which are built by logic gates.

1.2.1 The Basic Gate Design Block No. 1: Logic Element

The logic element (LE) is one of the smallest elements in FPGA design. It basically consists of a look-up table

(LUT), flip-flop, and multiplexer (which we will cover shortly). FPGAs are used extensively for compute

problems that can benefit from parallel computing architectures—for example, cleaning up images being

received from an image sensor, local processing on image pixels, and computing difference vectors in H.264

compression. LEs can form any complex or even simple digital function inside the FPGA. Figure1-2 shows

the basic configurable logic elements. Although different FPGA venders have their own LE designs, they are

very similar to the one shown in Figure1-2. Most of the inputs to a LE are connected to the LUT and followed

with a flip-flop (register). The output of the LE is selected by a multiplexer (MUX). The LUT and MUX are the

major configurable blocks in the LE. Don’t worry, this will all make sense after you read the next section.

Figure 1-2. Basic configurable LEs

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