Oracle数据库11g入门教程

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"Oracle数据库11G初学者指南" Oracle数据库11G是Oracle公司推出的一款关系型数据库管理系统，它是Oracle数据库产品线中的一个重要版本，尤其适合初学者入门学习。本书《Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide》由Ian Abramson、Michael Abbey、Michael J. Corey和Michelle Malcher四位作者合著，旨在为新手提供全面的Oracle 11G基础知识。 Oracle 11G包含了许多关键特性，例如： 1. **数据安全性**：Oracle 11G提供了增强的数据加密功能，确保敏感信息的安全存储。此外，还有角色管理和权限控制，以及审计功能，以满足企业对数据保护的需求。 2. **高可用性**：通过RAC（Real Application Clusters）技术，Oracle 11G支持多节点集群，增强了系统的容错性和灾难恢复能力。同时，闪回技术和快速恢复区（Fast Recovery Area）也提高了数据库的恢复效率。 3. **性能优化**：11G引入了自动工作负载仓库（Automatic Workload Repository, AWR）和SQL Tuning Advisor，帮助管理员监控和优化数据库性能。另外，数据库分区和压缩功能也有助于提升查询速度。 4. **管理工具**：Oracle Enterprise Manager提供了一个直观的图形界面，使得数据库的管理和维护变得更加简单。它包括了数据库配置、性能监控、备份和恢复等多种功能。 5. **存储优化**：通过Advanced Compression和Automatic Storage Management (ASM)，Oracle 11G可以自动管理数据库的存储，减少存储成本并提高I/O性能。 6. **XML支持**：Oracle 11G加强了对XML的支持，包括XMLDB（XML Database），可以直接在数据库中存储和处理XML文档，增强了数据库的灵活性和互操作性。 7. **网格计算**：Oracle 11G设计上考虑了网格计算，允许在大规模分布式环境中部署和管理数据库，适应云计算的需求。 8. **PL/SQL改进**：PL/SQL编程语言在11G中得到增强，包括新的异常处理机制、游标改进和更强大的调试工具。 9. **数据集成**：Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) 提供了一种统一的数据集成平台，用于ETL（提取、转换、加载）过程，提高了数据整合的效率。 10. **网格基础设施**：Oracle Grid Infrastructure是11G的一个重要组成部分，它包括Oracle Clusterware和ASM，为数据库提供集群支持和存储管理。通过学习《Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide》，读者将掌握安装、配置、管理Oracle 11G的基本步骤，理解数据库的体系结构，学会创建和管理表空间，编写SQL语句，以及如何进行备份和恢复操作。此外，书中的实例和练习将帮助读者实践理论知识，进一步提升对Oracle数据库的理解和应用能力。

Introduction

he release of Oracle Database 11g is one that comes with much

anticipation. We are at a time when data is exploding and the cost

of operations must be reduced. Oracle 11g is a release that addresses

many of these concerns and provides a database that can help

organizations move forward without boundaries. With the release of

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide, we bring back together the Abramson,

Abbey, and Corey team that has been writing these books for over 13 years. That

time slice is pale compared to the length of time the Oracle database software has

been embracing the information highway. Recently Oracle celebrated its 30th

anniversary with the customary hoopla and fanfare…justifiably so.

One cannot rub shoulders with fellow information technologists without experiencing

Oracle’s technology, and quite a piece of technology it is! In the beginning, there was a

database, and then came development tools. The Oracle product line added components

at an ever more accelerating rate. This book is all about the foundation underneath just

about everything running the Oracle technology stack—the database. Regardless of what

corner of the technology you work with, being familiar with the underpinnings of the

database technology makes you a better practitioner.

Where has Oracle been, and where is it going? The former question is not that hard

to answer, the latter a mystery until it unfolds. In 1979 we saw the first commercial SQL

RDBMS offering from a new company in Redwood Shores, California—Software

Development Laboratories. Close to two years later, the company morphed into

Relational Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, not far from its origin. The VAX hardware

platform was the initial home of the database offering. The rest of the story of this

company, now known as Oracle Corporation, is revolutionary—all the way from the

first read-consistent database (1984), through its first full suite of applications (1992),

to the first web database offering (1997). The calendar year 2000 saw the first Internet

development suite, followed not long thereafter by the release of Enterprise Grid

computing with Database 10g in 2003. The acquisitions path emerged strongly in

2004 with the purchase of PeopleSoft, and it did not stop there. Significant technology

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Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide

acquisitions are now common for this software giant, with Stellent Inc., Hyperion

Solutions Corporation, and, more recently, BEA Systems. As of the publication date of

this book, Oracle has acquired over 40 companies, making their products a significant

component of its growth strategy.

The database will always be the backbone of Oracle’s product line—hence the

fifth release of this successful suite of works: Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s

Guide. What many people find so fascinating about the Oracle technology stack

is how you can bury yourself in such a small part of the database offering. The part

that you are familiar with compared to the complete technology stack can be likened

to a little itty-bitty street corner compared to the network of intersections in a

thriving urban metropolis. Many of us live and breathe our piece of the database

technology, never having the opportunity to experience the features and functionality

leveraged elsewhere. That is why we wrote this Beginner’s Guide. Our main audience

is just that, the beginner, but there are also chapters in this book that cater to the

information needs of seasoned veterans with the technology.

In the earliest days of the Beginner’s Guide, we continually heard two dramatically

opposing opinions about the same thing. On one hand, some people said “One

thing I really like about the Oracle database software is that it’s so easy to tune”; on

the other hand, some claimed “One thing I really hate the Oracle database software

is that it’s so hard to tune.” Exactly where you align yourself as you get further and

further into this book remains to be seen; suffice it to say, the material covered in

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide will help you make more informed

decisions and adopt better best practices now and in the future. Oracle Database

is a powerful tool, and this book will be your first step toward empowerment and

your future of becoming an Oracle expert.

This book features the following elements, which enable you to check your

progress and understanding of the concepts and details of the product:

■ Critical Skills listed at the beginning of each chapter highlight what you will

learn by the end of the chapter.

■ Step-by-step Projects reinforce the concepts and skills learned in each

chapter, enabling you to apply your newly acquired knowledge and skills

immediately.

■ Ask the Expert questions and answers appear throughout the chapters to

make the subject more interactive and personal.

■ Progress Checks are quick, numbered self-assessment sections where you

can easily check your progress by answering questions and getting immediate

feedback with the provided answers.

■ Mastery Checks at the end of each chapter test proficiency in concepts

and technology details covered in the chapter through multiple-choice,

fill-in-the blank, true/false, and short-answer questions.

This book introduces you to many aspects of the Oracle database software.

Chapter 1 starts with the concept of a database and how Oracle is structured so

that you understand the fundamentals. Chapter 2 covers installing the software that

you are going to need to try things out. We have provided a step-by-step guide to

installing the software on Linux, but if you wish to install it on another platform, this

chapter will help you understand the choices that you need to make when installing

the database.

Once your database is installed, you will need to communicate with it; in order

to do this, you may need to install Oracle client software to access the database.

Chapter 3 on connecting to Oracle will guide you through the tasks that can often

be complex, but we provide information on how to keep it simple.

Once the database is installed and you can communicate with it, you need to

speak the languages that the database understands. We provide you with a solid

introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chapter 4, as well as Oracle’s

own programming language, PL/SQL, in Chapter 5. These two chapters will help

you create robust interactions with the database to get data into and out of your

database.

The administration of the Oracle database is largely a function of the people who

work closely with Oracle’s software. Thus, we provide you with a deep introduction

to these functions and features. In Chapter 6 we will show you what database

administrators (DBAs) do on a daily, weekly, and other basis. In Chapter 7 we

provide guidance on how to do backups and, in case things really go wrong with

your database, how to restore your old database.

Oracle 11g has many features that are at the leading edge of technology, and

Oracle Rapid Application Clusters (RAC) and Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

are important technology in the order to support the high-availability needs of

today’s applications. Take time in Chapter 8 to become familiar with all of this

technology to ensure that you understand how today’s databases are deployed and

optimized for performance and availability.

Finally, in Chapter 9 we discuss features that apply to large databases. As you

will learn or are already aware, databases are growing at an exponential rate. We

need to use the facilities of the database that address this growth and ensure that we

optimize the investment an organization makes in its Oracle software. This book

closes by discussing many of the features that will become everyday necessities in

your Oracle job.

There is one thing you must keep in mind as you travel around the pages of this

book: Oracle Database 11g is a complex product with many, many more features

and facilities than we can discuss here. We have chosen topics based on our own

experiences of what Oracle customers use 90% of the time, but realize that this is

just the start of a very interesting journey. As we say, “You have to start

somewhere.”

Oracle Database is an exciting product, and one that will provide you with

limitless chances to learn more about it. This book is one of your first steps; we

hope you take from it the curiosity to dig deeper into the topics.

Introduction

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