解决AMPS悖论：小戏剧性与黑洞互补性

26 浏览量更新于2024-07-16 收藏 373KB PDF 举报

"这篇论文探讨了AMPS悖论与黑洞互补性的关系，提出了一种名为'小戏剧性'的新解决方案，以解决信息守恒问题。文章指出，即使没有明显的戏剧性事件，信息仍然可能看似违反一夫一妻制原则进入黑洞内部。然而，通过分析观察者在穿越Schwarzschild黑洞事件视界后执行信息理论任务的难度，作者证明了坠落的观察者在遇到奇点前无法检测到这种违反情况，从而维护了互补性原理。该研究由Ning Bao、Adam Bouland、Aidan Chatwin-Davies、Jason Pollack和Henry Yuen合作完成，并发表于JHEP期刊。" 本文深入研究了量子引力领域的核心问题——AMPS悖论，它质疑了黑洞互补性的有效性。黑洞互补性是一种理论，认为一个观察者在外部看到的信息与另一个落入黑洞的观察者的体验是互补的，而不是冲突的。AMPS悖论指出，如果信息在黑洞边界（事件视界）没有被破坏，那么似乎可以违反纠缠的一夫一妻制，即信息应该保持唯一关联。为了应对这一挑战，作者提出了"小戏剧性"的概念，这是一种对无戏剧性条件的微弱放松。他们提出，在黑洞的延伸视野内，信息的混乱导致量子信息快速扩散到整个内部空间，而经典可观测物和粗粒度几何形状保持不变。这意味着，虽然信息可能看似被带入黑洞，但在微观层面上，它会迅速扩散，使得任何试图验证违反一夫一妻制的行为变得极其困难。论文进一步分析了当观察者穿过Schwarzschild黑洞的事件视界后，需要执行的任务，例如从内部和晚期辐射中解码贝尔对，以验证是否真的存在违反一夫一妻制的情况。计算表明，完成这些任务所需的时间超出了观察者在落入奇点前所能存活的最长时间。因此，根据这个新模型，即使信息可能进入黑洞，也无法被内部的观察者所察觉，从而在实际操作上避免了信息守恒的违反。这一研究为理解黑洞的信息处理和量子引力理论提供了新的视角，对于推动量子引力理论的发展以及解决黑洞信息悖论具有重要意义。通过"小戏剧性"的引入，作者成功地维护了黑洞互补性的基本概念，为黑洞物理学的未来发展开辟了新的研究方向。

JHEP12(2016)026

2 Background: black holes and scrambling

In the thought experiments to follow, we will consider black holes that formed from the

gravitational collapse of matter and that eventually evaporate into a gas of Hawking ra-

diation. We will assume that the initial mass of any black hole that we consider is large

enough that physics outside the black hole is well-described by eﬀective ﬁeld theory on a

black hole background in regions of spacetime that are suﬃciently distant from the end of

evaporation. We will also suppose that the process of black hole formation and evaporation

is a fundamentally unitary process. As such, if the matter that collapsed to form a black

hole was initially in a pure quantum state, then the state of the Hawking radiation after

evaporation — as well as any combined intermediate state of the black hole and hitherto

emitted Hawking radiation — is also a pure state.

Consider now some observer who resides outside the black hole. We will adopt the

viewpoint that such an observer’s observations are described according to complementar-

ity [4] and the membrane paradigm [19]. Explicitly, suppose that the black hole spacetime

is foliated by some set of achronal (spacelike or null) surfaces with respect to which the

observer performs ﬁeld-theoretic calculations. In accordance with complementarity, an ob-

server outside the black hole should not associate a Hilbert space to an entire surface Σ if

it intersects the event horizon. In such a case, she instead organizes the physical Hilbert

space associated to Σ into a tensor product H = O ⊗D. The space O describes the degrees

of freedom on the portion of Σ that lies outside of the black hole, and D is a Hilbert space

that describes the black hole’s degrees of freedom and that is localized about the event

horizon (ﬁgure 1). From the outside observer’s point of view, all of physics is described by,

and all processes play out in, these two Hilbert spaces; she never has to (and in fact may

not) make reference to the the black hole interior.

We will suppose that D is localized to the stretched horizon of the black hole [4]. We

take the outer boundary of the stretched horizon to be at a proper distance on the order

of a Planck length above the event horizon. As such, the outer boundary of the stretched

horizon is a timelike surface with which an outside observer can interact.

Despite the fact that a complete theory of quantum gravity is not known and that the

full dynamics of black holes are not understood, it is widely expected that the quantum

state of matter gets scrambled when it enters the stretched horizon [21–23]. There are

many possible ways to deﬁne scrambling, but informally speaking, a system scrambles if

it diﬀuses quantum information over all its degrees of freedom. In particular, a black hole

has scrambled the information in a small subset D

⊂ D when any initial entanglement

between D

and the outside O gets distributed evenly throughout D, i.e., when almost all

small subsets of D have nearly the same amount of entanglement with O. After scrambling,

an observer cannot recover this entanglement unless she examines a sizable fraction of the

entire horizon D.

See also [20] (in particular section 4) as well as section 5.4 for further discussion of the way in which

H factorizes and the ways in which diﬀerent factorizations are related as a consequence of assuming

complementarity.

– 4 –

剩余20页未读，继续阅读

weixin_38600432

粉丝: 1
资源: 920

解决AMPS悖论：小戏剧性与黑洞互补性

一个简易的打蜜蜂小游戏

莫将浮华当创新

知识图谱-基于Neo4j+Python+Cypher+KG实现的小型金融知识图谱构建项目-附项目源码+流程教程-优质项目实战

资产管理系统-使用Python+CSS开发的资产配置管理系统-附完整流程教程-优质项目.zip

基于SpringMVC+Spring+MyBatis的博客网站系统源码+数据库+使用说明（毕业设计）

614075276467436开心叠一叠.apk

优秀毕业设计-基于海思Hi3516开发板的RTP流媒体服务器系统-项目实战.zip

MyBatis 36道面试题和答案（2025最新版）.docx

SLAM-单目实时SLAM算法实现-优质项目分享-附完整流程教程

ocr识别-使用tensorflow+keras实现不定长中文字符识别-项目实战-附完整详细流程教程.zip

最新资源