Linux命令行完全指南

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"《Linux命令行：完整指南》是一本由William E. Shotts, Jr.编写的关于Linux命令行的全面教程。本书旨在教授读者如何有效地使用Linux命令行界面，提升在Linux环境中的操作技能。" 《Linux命令行：完整指南》这本书深入浅出地介绍了Linux操作系统的核心组成部分——命令行界面。作者William E. Shotts, Jr.是一位经验丰富的Linux专家，他以清晰易懂的方式讲解了Linux命令行的基本概念、常用命令以及高级技巧。书中的内容涵盖了以下几个主要知识点： 1. **Linux基础**：介绍Linux的历史、哲学以及它与Unix的关系，帮助读者理解Linux操作系统的基本框架。 2. **Shell介绍**：详细讲解了shell的作用，如Bash（Bourne-Again SHell），它是Linux系统中最常用的命令解释器。读者将学习如何创建和运行shell脚本，以及理解shell语法和变量。 3. **文件和目录管理**：包括文件的基本操作，如创建、删除、移动、复制和重命名，以及目录的导航和管理。同时会介绍文件权限和所有权的概念。 4. **文本处理工具**：教授使用grep、sed和awk等命令进行文本搜索、替换和处理，这对于数据操作和日志分析非常有用。 5. **进程管理**：介绍如何启动、停止、监控和控制后台进程，以及进程间通信（IPC）的基础知识。 6. **网络操作**：讲解如何使用ping、ssh、scp、telnet等命令进行网络通信和文件传输，以及DNS解析和网络配置。 7. **软件包管理和编译**：涵盖使用apt、yum等包管理器安装和更新软件，以及源代码编译和安装。 8. **错误诊断和调试**：教授如何阅读和理解错误信息，使用debugging工具解决问题。 9. **自动化任务**：介绍cron和at等工具来安排周期性任务，以及编写复杂的shell脚本实现自动化操作。 10. **高级主题**：如正则表达式、管道和重定向、环境变量、别名和函数，以及如何自定义shell环境。通过阅读这本书，无论是Linux新手还是有一定经验的用户，都能提升在Linux命令行界面下的工作效率，更好地理解和掌控Linux系统。书中不仅提供了丰富的实例，还包含了实用的提示和技巧，帮助读者快速掌握Linux命令行的精髓。

PART 3

COMMON TASKS AND ESSENTIAL TOOLS

PACKAGE MANAGEMENT 149

Packaging Systems..................................................................................................................150

How a Package System Works.................................................................................................150

Package Files............................................................................................................150

Repositories...............................................................................................................151

Dependencies............................................................................................................151

High- and Low-Level Package Tools..............................................................................152

Common Package Management Tasks......................................................................................152

Finding a Package in a Repository...............................................................................152

Installing a Package from a Repository.........................................................................153

Installing a Package from a Package File......................................................................153

Removing a Package..................................................................................................154

Updating Packages from a Repository..........................................................................154

Upgrading a Package from a Package File...................................................................154

Listing Installed Packages............................................................................................155

Determining Whether a Package Is Installed.................................................................155

Displaying Information About an Installed Package........................................................155

Finding Which Package Installed a File........................................................................156

Final Note..............................................................................................................................156

STORAGE MEDIA 159

Mounting and Unmounting Storage Devices...............................................................................160

Viewing a List of Mounted Filesystems..........................................................................161

Determining Device Names.........................................................................................164

Creating New Filesystems........................................................................................................167

Manipulating Partitions with fdisk................................................................................167

Creating a New Filesystem with mkfs...........................................................................169

Testing and Repairing Filesystems.............................................................................................170

Formatting Floppy Disks...........................................................................................................171

Moving Data Directly to and from Devices.................................................................................171

Creating CD-ROM Images.......................................................................................................172

Creating an Image Copy of a CD-ROM........................................................................172

Creating an Image from a Collection of Files................................................................172

Writing CD-ROM Images.........................................................................................................173

Mounting an ISO Image Directly..................................................................................173

Blanking a Rewritable CD-ROM...................................................................................173

Writing an Image......................................................................................................173

Extra Credit............................................................................................................................174

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NETWORKING 175

Examining and Monitoring a Network.......................................................................................176

ping—Send a Special Packet to a Network Host...........................................................176

traceroute—Trace the Path of a Network Packet............................................................177

netstat—Examine Network Settings and Statistics...........................................................178

Transporting Files over a Network.............................................................................................179

ftp—Transfer Files with the File Transfer Protocol............................................................179

lftp—A Better ftp........................................................................................................181

wget—Non-interactive Network Downloader................................................................181

Secure Communication with Remote Hosts.................................................................................182

ssh—Securely Log in to Remote Computers...................................................................182

scp and sftp—Securely Transfer Files............................................................................185

SEARCHING FOR FILES 187

locate—Find Files the Easy Way...............................................................................................188

find—Find Files the Hard Way.................................................................................................189

Tests.........................................................................................................................189

Actions.....................................................................................................................194

A Return to the Playground..........................................................................................198

Options....................................................................................................................200

ARCHIVING AND BACKUP 201

Compressing Files...................................................................................................................202

gzip—Compress or Expand Files.................................................................................202

bzip2—Higher Compression at the Cost of Speed.........................................................204

Archiving Files........................................................................................................................205

tar—Tape Archiving Utility..........................................................................................205

zip—Package and Compress Files...............................................................................209

Synchronizing Files and Directories...........................................................................................211

rsync—Remote File and Directory Synchronization.........................................................212

Using rsync over a Network........................................................................................213

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS 215

What Are Regular Expressions?................................................................................................216

grep—Search Through Text......................................................................................................216

Metacharacters and Literals......................................................................................................217

The Any Character..................................................................................................................218

Anchors.................................................................................................................................219

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Bracket Expressions and Character Classes................................................................................220

Negation..................................................................................................................220

Traditional Character Ranges......................................................................................220

POSIX Character Classes............................................................................................221

POSIX Basic vs. Extended Regular Expressions...........................................................................224

Alternation.............................................................................................................................225

Quantifiers.............................................................................................................................226

?—Match an Element Zero Times or One Time..............................................................226

*—Match an Element Zero or More Times....................................................................227

+—Match an Element One or More Times....................................................................227

{ }—Match an Element a Specific Number of Times.......................................................228

Putting Regular Expressions to Work.........................................................................................229

Validating a Phone List with grep.................................................................................229

Finding Ugly Filenames with find.................................................................................230

Searching for Files with locate.....................................................................................230

Searching for Text with less and vim............................................................................231

Final Note..............................................................................................................................232

TEXT PROCESSING 233

Applications of Text.................................................................................................................234

Documents................................................................................................................234

Web Pages...............................................................................................................234

Email........................................................................................................................234

Printer Output............................................................................................................234

Program Source Code................................................................................................235

Revisiting Some Old Friends.....................................................................................................235

cat—Concatenate Files and Print on Standard Output....................................................235

sort—Sort Lines of Text Files........................................................................................236

uniq—Report or Omit Repeated Lines...........................................................................242

Slicing and Dicing..................................................................................................................243

cut—Remove Sections from Each Line of Files................................................................243

paste—Merge Lines of Files.........................................................................................246

join—Join Lines of Two Files on a Common Field...........................................................247

Comparing Text......................................................................................................................249

comm—Compare Two Sorted Files Line by Line.............................................................249

diff—Compare Files Line by Line..................................................................................250

patch—Apply a diff to an Original..............................................................................253

Editing on the Fly....................................................................................................................254

tr—Transliterate or Delete Characters...........................................................................254

sed—Stream Editor for Filtering and Transforming Text...................................................256

aspell—Interactive Spell Checker.................................................................................263

Final Note..............................................................................................................................266

Extra Credit............................................................................................................................266

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FORMATTING OUTPUT 267

Simple Formatting Tools...........................................................................................................268

nl—Number Lines......................................................................................................268

fold—Wrap Each Line to a Specified Length.................................................................271

fmt—A Simple Text Formatter......................................................................................271

pr—Format Text for Printing........................................................................................274

printf—Format and Print Data......................................................................................275

Document Formatting Systems...................................................................................................278

The roff Family and T

X..............................................................................................279

groff—A Document Formatting System..........................................................................279

Final Note..............................................................................................................................283

PRINTING 285

A Brief History of Printing.........................................................................................................286

Printing in the Dim Times.............................................................................................286

Character-Based Printers.............................................................................................286

Graphical Printers......................................................................................................287

Printing with Linux...................................................................................................................288

Preparing Files for Printing.......................................................................................................288

pr—Convert Text Files for Printing................................................................................288

Sending a Print Job to a Printer.................................................................................................290

lpr—Print Files (Berkeley Style).....................................................................................290

lp—Print Files (System V Style).....................................................................................291

Another Option: a2ps................................................................................................292

Monitoring and Controlling Print Jobs........................................................................................294

lpstat—Display Print System Status...............................................................................294

lpq—Display Printer Queue Status...............................................................................295

lprm and cancel—Cancel Print Jobs.............................................................................296

COMPILING PROGRAMS 297

What Is Compiling?................................................................................................................298

Are All Programs Compiled?.......................................................................................299

Compiling a C Program...........................................................................................................299

Obtaining the Source Code........................................................................................300

Examining the Source Tree..........................................................................................301

Building the Program..................................................................................................302

Installing the Program.................................................................................................305

Final Note..............................................................................................................................306

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PART 4

WRITING SHELL SCRIPTS

WRITING YOUR FIRST SCRIPT 309

What Are Shell Scripts?...........................................................................................................309

How to Write a Shell Script......................................................................................................310

Script File Format.......................................................................................................310

Executable Permissions...............................................................................................311

Script File Location.....................................................................................................311

Good Locations for Scripts..........................................................................................312

More Formatting Tricks............................................................................................................312

Long Option Names...................................................................................................313

Indentation and Line Continuation................................................................................313

Final Note..............................................................................................................................314

STARTING A PROJECT 315

First Stage: Minimal Document.................................................................................................315

Second Stage: Adding a Little Data...........................................................................................317

Variables and Constants..........................................................................................................318

Creating Variables and Constants................................................................................318

Assigning Values to Variables and Constants................................................................320

Here Documents.....................................................................................................................321

Final Note..............................................................................................................................323

TOP-DOWN DESIGN 325

Shell Functions........................................................................................................................326

Local Variables.......................................................................................................................328

Keep Scripts Running...............................................................................................................330

Final Note..............................................................................................................................332

FLOW CONTROL: BRANCHING WITH IF 333

Using if..................................................................................................................................334

Exit Status..............................................................................................................................334

Using test...............................................................................................................................336

File Expressions.........................................................................................................336

String Expressions......................................................................................................338

Integer Expressions....................................................................................................340

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