片上全光波长转换：基于SOA的Turbo-Switch电路实验演示PAM-4信号转换

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"使用集成的基于SOA的Turbo-Switch电路对PAM-4信号进行片上全光波长转换" 在光学通信领域，波长转换是一项关键技术，它允许信号在不同波长之间转换，以适应网络的复用和解复用需求。这篇研究论文主要探讨了如何利用一种集成的半导体光学放大器（SOA）为基础的Turbo-Switch电路实现片上全光波长转换（AOWC）针对四电平脉冲幅度调制（PAM-4）信号。 PAM-4是一种高效的数字信号调制格式，它使用四个不同的光功率级别来代表二进制数据的两个比特，从而在相同的带宽资源中传输更多的信息。然而，PAM-4信号的波长转换通常是一项挑战，因为需要在保持信号质量的同时处理复杂的调制格式。论文中，研究人员实验性地展示了通过交叉增益调制（Cross-Gain Modulation, XGM）在InP单片集成的Turbo-Switch电路中实现25Gbit/s PAM-4信号的片上全光波长转换。交叉增益调制是SOA的一种非线性效应，其中一个光信号的强度变化可以改变SOA的增益，从而影响另一个光信号的强度。 Turbo-Switch电路的独特之处在于它能显著减少有效增益恢复时间，与单个SOA开关相比，实现了七倍的减少。这提高了转换效率并降低了潜在的信号失真。实验结果显示，转换后PAM-4信号的误码率（BER）约为1×10^-3时，功率损耗仅为2dB，证明了该方法的有效性和高效性。此外，研究人员还研究了转换器的波长依赖性，这是理解设备性能和优化设计的重要方面。集成的AOWC设备由于其高速切换操作、小尺寸、高稳定性和低切换损耗，显示出极大的潜力，适用于未来高速光通信系统，尤其是在数据中心和云计算环境中的短距离互连。这篇论文为PAM-4信号的全光波长转换提供了一种创新的解决方案，该方案基于集成的SOA Turbo-Switch电路，具有高效、紧凑和低功耗的特点，对于推动下一代光通信网络的发展具有重要意义。

3956 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 37, NO. 16, AUGUST 15, 2019

On-Chip All-Optical Wavelength Conversion of

PAM-4 Signals Using an Integrated SOA-Based

Turbo-Switch Circuit

Adnan A. E. Hajomer , Marco Presi , Nicola Andriolli , Claudio Porzi , Weisheng Hu ,

Giampiero Contestabile

, and Xuelin Yang

Abstract—We experimentally demonstrate on-chip all-optical

wavelength conversion (AOWC) of four-level pulse amplitude mod-

ulation (PAM-4) signals by cross-gain modulation in an InP mono-

lithically integrated turbo-switch circuit based on semiconductor

optical ampliﬁers (SOAs). Full characterization of the photonic

integrated circuit (PIC) is given, where sevenfold reduction in

effective gain recovery is achieved by the PIC turbo-switch com-

pared with a case of single SOA switch. Wavelength conversion of

25 Gbit/s PAM-4 signal in the C-band is successfully demonstrated

with ∼2 dB power penalty at 1 × 10

−3

bit error rate. Moreover, the

wavelength dependence of the converter is studied. The integrated

AOWC device has the advantages of high-speed switching oper-

ation as well as small footprint, high stability, and low switching

power.

Index Terms—4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4), all-

optical wavelength conversion (AOWC), cross-gain modulation

(XGM), integrated turbo-switch.

I. INTRODUCTION

ITH the ever-increasing bandwidth demands in data cen-

ter networks (DCNs) as a result of web and cloud-based

services, optical interconnection has been emerged as a poten-

tial solution for next-generation DCNs for its abilities to pro-

vide larger bandwidth, low latency, and low power consump-

tion [1]. For illustration, currently, 100 Gbit/s pluggable optical

transceivers are available and targeting 20 Tbit/s, while for opti-

cal switching, the bandwidth density is expected to have a scaling

trend of × 10 every ﬁve years [2]. For optical routing in DCNs

Manuscript received December 13, 2018; revised April 10, 2019 and May 23,

2019; accepted May 24, 2019. Date of publication May 28, 2019; date of current

version July 31, 2019. This work was supported in part by the Natural Science

Fund of China under Grant 61571291, Grant 61431009, and Grant 61221001,

in part by the International S&T Cooperation Program of China under Grant

2016YFE0104500, and in part by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE-

UST) through the bilateral project CANTON. (Corresponding author: Xuelin

Yang.)

A. A. E. Hajomer, W. Hu, and X. Yang are with the Shanghai Institute for

Advanced Communication and Data Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced

Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,

Shanghai 200240, China (e-mail: adnanadil80@yahoo.com; wshu@sjtu.edu.cn;

x.yang@sjtu.edu.cn).

M. Presi, N. Andriolli, C. Porzi, and G. Contestabile are with the Scuola Supe-

riore Sant’Anna, Pisa 56124, Italy (e-mail: marco.presi@santannapisa.it; nick@

sssup.it; claudio.porzi@sssup.it; contesta@sssup.it).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online

at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/JLT.2019.2919650

based wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission,

all-optical wavelength conversions (AOWCs) play a vital role to

improve the network scalability by allowing wavelength reuse

[3]–[6]. An example of possible application of AOWC in intra-

data center context has been reported in [5], where AOWC is

connected with arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) to

increase the ﬂexibility of the wavelength allocation. Concerning

the modulation techniques for next-generation DCNs, coherent

communication is considered nowadays as a possible solution

for inter-data center interconnects, while 4-level pulse amplitude

modulation (PAM-4) format has attracted much attention for

intra-data center interconnects [7], since it offers many advan-

tages such as simple transmitter and receiver structure, low-cost

interfaces, high capacity and power efﬁciency [8], [9]. Conse-

quently, AOWCs of PAM-4 signals is an indispensable com-

ponent for establishing all-optical and high-speed wavelength

routers for intra-data center interconnects.

To achieve wavelength conversion, several methods have been

reported. The current approach is the optical-electrical-optical

(O/E/O) converters. However, O/E/O has larger power consump-

tion for high data rates, if compared with AOWCs in switch

fabrics, and the quantitative comparisons have been reported in

[10], [11]. Consequently, AOWC based on the optical nonlin-

earity in active and passive devices have gained much atten-

tion. Examples of these methods include cross-gain modula-

tion (XGM) [12], cross-phase modulation (XPM) [13]–[15] or

four-wave mixing (FWM) [16] in semiconductor optical ampli-

ﬁers (SOAs); nonlinear interactions in highly nonlinear ﬁbers

(HNLFs) [17]. AOWCs have also been reported using period-

ically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) converters [18]. Among

these techniques, SOA based schemes are attractive because of

its large nonlinearities, low switching power, compactness, and

high photonic integration capability [12], [19]. However, SOAs

are often limited by the slow gain recovery, which is a limiting

factor in high-speed AOWC of intensity modulation and direc-

tion (IM/DD) formats such as PAM-4. In order to deal with the

slow operation speed of conventional SOAs in AOWC, vari-

ous approaches have been proposed. For example, high-speed

AOWC was demonstrated by spectral selective ﬁltering [20]–

[22], at the cost of large degradation of the converted signal

optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), due to the suppression of

the optical carrier.

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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