僵尸网络技术与防御综述

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"A Survey of Botnet Technology and Defenses - 由Michael Bailey, Evan Cook, Farnam Jahanian, Yunjing Xu (University of Michigan)撰写，Manish Karir (Merit Network, Inc.)合著的一篇论文，主要探讨了僵尸网络的技术和防御策略。" 在当今全球互联网威胁日益严峻的背景下，攻击的性质已经发生了深刻变化。从单纯针对基础设施的破坏性攻击转变为同时针对个人和组织的攻击。其中，僵尸网络（Botnets）在许多此类攻击中扮演了核心角色。这些由攻击者远程控制的被妥协计算机网络，其成员遍布全球的家庭、学校、企业甚至政府机构，构成了巨大的威胁。这篇调查论文首先对现有的僵尸网络研究进行了概述，分析了僵尸网络的发展历程和未来趋势。作者们强调，理解这些网络的目标和可见性对于构建有效的僵尸网络技术防御至关重要。僵尸网络技术的研究不仅包括恶意软件的传播机制、感染途径，还涵盖了网络通信协议的设计以及如何隐蔽控制命令与数据传输。 1. 引言全球互联网威胁的转变体现在攻击目的的多样化，从单纯的基础设施破坏扩展到对个人和组织的直接侵害。这种新型攻击直接影响了人们的生活和经济活动，凸显了对僵尸网络及其防御策略深入研究的必要性。 2. 僵尸网络技术僵尸网络通常由三部分组成：控制者（Botmaster）、僵尸程序（Bot）和被感染的主机（Bot-infected Hosts）。控制者通过命令与控制（C&C）服务器向被感染的主机发送指令，执行如分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击、垃圾邮件分发、信息窃取等恶意行为。为了提高生存能力和逃避检测，僵尸网络会采用各种技术，如多级指挥结构、P2P通信、加密和动态域名解析。 3. 僵尸网络的演变从早期的 IRC（Internet Relay Chat）为基础的僵尸网络，发展到HTTP、P2P、移动设备上的变种，僵尸网络技术不断进化，变得更加复杂和难以追踪。同时，随着物联网（IoT）设备的普及，这些设备也成为新的攻击目标，增加了僵尸网络的潜在规模。 4. 防御策略防御僵尸网络的方法包括但不限于：增强用户安全意识，实施严格的访问控制策略，更新和修补软件以防止漏洞利用，以及使用入侵检测和防御系统。此外，研究人员也在探索新的技术，如行为分析、网络取证和机器学习，以更有效地识别和阻止僵尸网络活动。 5. 未来挑战尽管已取得一些进展，但僵尸网络的防御仍然面临诸多挑战。例如，攻击者持续创新攻击手段，而防御者需要时刻保持警惕。此外，跨学科的合作，包括法律、社会学和心理学，对于全面理解和应对僵尸网络的威胁也至关重要。 "A Survey of Botnet Technology and Defenses"这篇论文详尽地阐述了僵尸网络的现状、发展和防御策略，旨在为网络安全领域的研究和实践提供有价值的参考。随着网络威胁的不断演变，理解和对抗僵尸网络将继续成为保护互联网安全的关键任务。

A Survey of Botnet Technology and Defenses

Michael Bailey, Evan Cooke, Farnam Jahanian, Yunjing Xu

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

{mibailey, emcooke, farnam, yunjing}@umich.edu

Manish Karir

Merit Network, Inc.

Ann Arbor, Michigan

mkarir@merit.edu

Abstract

Global Internet threats have undergone a profound

transformation from attacks designed solely to disable in-

frastructure to those that also target people and organiza-

tions. At the center of many of these attacks are collections

of compromised computers, or Botnets, remotely controlled

by the attackers, and whose members are located in homes,

schools, businesses, and governments around the world [6].

In this survey paper we provide a brief look at how existing

botnet research, the evolution and future of botnets, as well

as the goals and visibility of today’s networks intersect to

inform the ﬁeld of botnet technology and defense.

1 Introduction

Global Internet threats are undergoing a profound trans-

formation from attacks designed solely to disable infras-

tructure to those that also target people and organizations.

This alarming new class of attacks directly impacts the day-

to-day lives of millions of people and endangers businesses

and governments around the world. For example, computer

users are assailed with spyware that snoops on conﬁdential

information, spam that ﬂoods email accounts, and phishing

scams that steal identities.

At the center of many of these attacks is a large pool of

compromised computers located in homes, schools, busi-

nesses, and governments around the world. Attackers use

these zombies as anonymous proxies to hide their real iden-

tities and amplify their attacks. Bot software enables an

operator to remotely control each system and group them

together to form what is commonly referred to as a zom-

bie army or botnet [6]. The scope of the botnet problem is

difﬁcult to quantify, as the highly covert nature of bots and

botnets makes them difﬁcult to identify and even harder to

measure. Nevertheless, CERT has identiﬁed botnets with

more than 100,000 members, and almost 1 million bot in-

fected hosts have been reported [19].

In this paper, we provide a survey of current botnet tech-

nology and defense by exploring the intersection between

existing botnet research, the evolution of botnets them-

selves, and the goals and perspectives of various types of

networks. In section 2, we provide a brief overview of bot-

nets to highlight the invariant nature of their behavior in

various phases of their life-cycle. Then, in section 3, we

describe how different kinds of networks have access to dif-

ferent types of visibility and this has a strong impact on the

effectiveness of any botnet detection mechanism. Next, in

section 4, we provide a comprehensive overview of the var-

ious botnet detection techniques that have been been pro-

posed. Finally, in section 5, we summarize our survey and

suggest future directions.

2 Understanding Botnets

In many respects, the bots found in the wild today are a

hybrid of previous threats. They can propagate like worms,

hide from detection like many viruses, attack like many

stand-alone tools, and have an integrated command and

control system. Even more concerning, the construction of

bots is now very much a cooperative effort. An example is

the source code of SDBot, which contains comments from

many different authors. The result is a proliferation of dif-

ferent bot variants. A recent Microsoft survey found more

than 43,000 new variants of backdoor trojans and bots dur-

ing the ﬁrst half of 2006 [20].

2.1 Propagation and Compromise

One core problem for botnet attackers is how to get bots

onto victim computers. Because very few users would ac-

tually agree to have their computers used to conduct packet

ﬂoods, attackers surreptitiously install their malicious soft-

ware. This process of getting malicious software on vic-

tim’s hosts has evolved signiﬁcantly over time. One change

that happened a few years ago is the shift from a single prop-

agation vector, that might have required a manual installa-

tion process by the attacker, to multiple automated propaga-

tion vectors. For example, The Slammer worm used a single

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