Testbench编写指南：HDL模型的功能验证

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"《Writing Testbenches--Functional Verification of HDL Models》是一本关于测试平台编写的书籍，由Janick Bergeron撰写，由Kluwer Academic Publishers出版。这本书专注于硬件描述语言（HDL）模型的功能验证，是学习和理解testbench的重要资源。" 在电子设计自动化（EDA）领域，测试平台（Testbench）是验证数字系统设计的关键部分。它是一种模拟环境，用于检查硬件描述语言（如VHDL或Verilog）编写的电路设计是否按照预期工作。这本书深入探讨了如何有效地构建和使用这些测试平台，以确保设计的正确性和完整性。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **测试平台的概念**：解释测试平台的基本原理，它是如何模拟真实世界环境来验证硬件设计的。测试平台包括激励生成、响应检查、覆盖率评估等组成部分。 2. **功能验证的重要性**：讨论为何在硬件开发流程中进行详细的功能验证是必不可少的，因为它可以发现并纠正设计中的错误，避免在实际制造过程中的昂贵返工。 3. **HDL模型**：介绍VHDL和Verilog两种主要的硬件描述语言，以及它们在创建测试平台时的应用和差异。VHDL和Verilog都用于描述数字系统的结构和行为，但在语法和编程风格上有所不同。 4. **阅读路径**：可能为不同水平的读者提供了不同的学习建议，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的工程师，都能找到适合自己的学习路径。 5. **VHDL与Verilog的对比**：分析两种语言的优点和缺点，以及在特定应用场景下选择哪种语言更为合适。 6. **设计验证方法**：可能涵盖不同的验证技术，如基于约束的随机测试生成、形式验证和覆盖率驱动的验证等。 7. **实践应用**：通过实例展示如何创建和执行测试用例，以及如何分析和解释测试结果。 8. **后续学习资源**：可能提供进一步研究和深入学习的建议，包括其他书籍、在线课程和社区资源。这本《Writing Testbenches--Functional Verification of HDL Models》对理解测试平台的构建和使用，以及如何在硬件设计验证过程中实现高效和全面的覆盖，具有很高的价值。无论是学生还是专业人士，都能从中获得宝贵的指导。

With gate counts and system complexity growing exponentially,

engineers confront the most perplexing challenge in product

design: functional verification. The bulk of the time consumed in

the design of new ICs and systems is now spent on verification.

New and interesting design technologies like physical synthesis and

design reuse that create ever-larger designs only aggravate the

problem. What the EDA tool industry has continuously failed to

realize is that the real problem is not how to create a 12 million gate

IC that runs at 600 MHz, but how to verify it.

The true path to rapid and accurate system verification includes

both tool and methodology innovation. Engineers are compelled to

use the best verification and design tools available to shorten design

cycle time. But it is a grave mistake to assume that simply having

the best tools will result in quality ICs and systems that meet mar-

ket demands and mitigate competitive pressures. Indeed, the best

determinant of successful IC and system design is how the engineer

approaches the problem. The vast majority of engineers still

approach verification using methods dating back a dozen years or

more. If dramatic improvement in verification efficiency is to come

about, real change in the way engineers approach verification is

mandatory and urgent.

A review of available texts on verification reveals a lack of mature

knowledge and leadership on the topic: the EDA tool industry is

conspicuously silent. This text marks the first genuine effort at

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

FOREWORD

Preface

Basic language textbooks appeared early in the life of hardware

description languages. They continue to appear as the presentation

styles are refined to facilitate their understanding or as they are

tuned to a particular audience. But the benefits of additional lan-

guage textbooks is quickly diminishing.

Since the introduction of hardware description languages and logic

synthesis technology in the mid 80’s, a lot of expertise on coding

styles and synthesis methodologies has been developed to obtain

desired results. A lot of that expertise has been presented at confer-

ences, has been codified in textbooks, and is available as introduc-

tory and advanced training classes. Early language-focused

textbooks were re-edited to include chapters on synthesizeable cod-

ing and many books entirely devoted to that topic now exist. The

synthesis process, although complex, is now well understood and

many resources are available to communicate that understanding.

Standard procedures and techniques have been developed to pre-

dictably produce adequate results.

At the time I started writing this book, it was going to be the first

book specifically devoted to verification techniques for hardware

models. I will introduce you to the latest verification techniques

that have been successfully used to produce first-time-right ASICs,

Systems-on-a-Chip (SoC), boards, and entire systems.

WHAT THIS BOOK IS ABOUT

I will first introduce the necessary concepts and tools of verifica-

tion, then I’ll describe a process for carrying out an effective func-

tional verification of a design. It is necessary to cover some

language semantics that are often overlooked or oversimplified in

textbooks intent on describing the synthesizeable subset. These

unfamiliar semantics become important in understanding what

makes a well-implemented and robust testbench and in providing

the necessary control and monitor features.

I will also present techniques for applying stimulus and monitoring

the response of a design, by abstracting the operations using bus-

functional models. The architecture of testbenches built around

these bus-functional models is important to minimize development

and maintenance effort.

xviii

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

What Prior Knowledge You Should Have

Behavioral modeling is another important concept presented in this

book. It is used to parallelize the implementation and verification of

a design and to perform more efficient simulations. For many,

behavioral modeling is synonymous with synthesizeable or RTL

modeling. In this book, the term “behavioral” is used to describe

any model that adequately emulates the functionality of a design,

usually using non-synthesizeable constructs and coding style.

WHAT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE YOU SHOULD HAVE

This book focuses on the functional verification of hardware

designs using either VHDL or Verilog. I expect the reader to have

at least a basic knowledge of one of the languages. Ideally, you

should have experience in writing synthesizeable models and be

familiar with running a simulation using any of the available

VHDL or Verilog simulators. There will be no description of lan-

guage syntax or grammar. It may be a good idea to have a copy of a

language-focused textbook as a reference along with this book

. I

do not describe the synthesizeable subset, nor limit the implementa-

tion of the verification techniques to using that subset. Verification

is a complex task: the power of either language will be used to their

fullest.

I also expect that you have a basic understanding of digital hard-

ware design. This book uses several hypothetical designs from var-

ious domains of application (video, datacom, computing, etc.).

How these designs are actually specified, architected, then imple-

mented is beyond the scope of this book. The content focuses on the

specification, architecture, then implementation of the verification

of these same designs.

1. For Verilog, I recommend The Verilog Hardware Description Language

by Thomas & Moorby, 3rd edition or later (Kluwer Academic Pub-

lisher). For VHDL, I recommend VHDL Coding Styles and Methodolo-

gies by Ben Cohen (Kluwer Academic Publisher).

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

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