Linux From Scratch学习指南：Version 8.3

需积分: 9 71 浏览量更新于2024-07-18 2 收藏 1.71MB PDF 举报

"Linux From Scratch 是一本开源的指南，由 Gerard Beekmans 和 Bruce Dubbs 编写，旨在帮助用户从零开始构建自己的 Linux 发行版。这本书的最新版本为 8.3，并遵循特定的创作共享许可协议。内容涵盖 Linux 的基本原理、构建过程、所需的先决条件以及系统的架构选择等。" 在本书中，作者们提供了详细的步骤来指导读者如何构建一个基于 Linux From Scratch (LFS) 的系统。Linux From Scratch 是一个项目，它允许用户根据自己的需求和喜好定制操作系统，从而理解 Linux 内核的工作原理和软件包的编译过程。 1. **前言**：这部分通常会介绍书的目的、目标读者、系统架构的选择以及与前一版本的区别。它还提到了 LFS 支持的目标架构，以及书中包含的软件包的理由。 2. **准备工作**：在构建 LFS 系统之前，需要对主机系统进行适当的准备。这包括了解主机系统的要求，例如需要有足够的磁盘空间，理解不同构建阶段的意义，以及如何创建新的分区和文件系统。 3. **主机系统准备**：这一章深入讨论了构建 LFS 所需的主机环境，包括硬件需求和软件需求。读者需要设置一个能够运行所需工具的稳定系统，这可能包括安装必要的构建工具、交叉编译器等。 4. **构建 LFS 系统**：书中详细阐述了如何逐步构建 LFS 系统，包括安装基础工具、配置编译环境、编译和安装 Linux 内核，以及添加各种系统服务和实用程序。 5. **资源与帮助**：作者提供了有关其他学习资源、社区支持和错误报告的信息，以便读者在遇到问题时能获取帮助。通过跟随《Linux From Scratch》的指南，读者不仅可以学习到 Linux 的核心概念，还能深入理解操作系统的工作机制，掌握软件编译和打包技术。这种实践经验对于想要成为 Linux 系统管理员、开发者或者对操作系统有深度兴趣的人来说，是非常宝贵的学习机会。同时，这个过程也能够帮助用户更好地理解软件依赖性、版本控制和系统管理等方面的知识。

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.3

• Sysklogd

This package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel or daemon

processes when unusual events occur.

• Sysvinit

This package provides the init program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system.

• Tar

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed

in the temporary toolchain.

• Texinfo

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following:

xvi

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.3

• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although

it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install

software.

• Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/

This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

xvii

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.3

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the specific page being referred to. It should be noted

that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is

generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS System

Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in

this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit http://

www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/8.3/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and

apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

xviii

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.3

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora,

or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs,

including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a

commercial distribution.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the

new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded

to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate

working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of

before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5 explains the installation of a number of packages that will form the basic development suite (or toolchain)

which is used to build the actual system in Chapter 6. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular

dependencies—for example, to compile a compiler, you need a compiler.

Chapter 5 also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically

means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled

by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass of the toolchain will be built. This time, the

toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The remaining Chapter 5 packages are built using

this second pass toolchain. When this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on the host distribution,

with the exception of the running kernel.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to

why this is done is provided in Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”.

In Chapter 6, the full LFS system is built. The chroot (change root) program is used to enter a virtual environment and

start a new shell whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is very similar to rebooting and instructing

the kernel to mount the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not actually reboot, but instead uses chroot

because creating a bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary just yet. The major advantage is

that “chrooting” allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package

compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 7, and the kernel and boot loader are set

up in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in

this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package

descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on

the LFS adventure.

1.2. What's new since the last release

Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.

剩余367页未读，继续阅读

cc_yuuuu

粉丝: 0
资源: 3

Linux From Scratch学习指南：Version 8.3

Linux完整版

linux英文原版书籍59本

linux英文资料推荐

java从零开始linux物联网开发

从零开始配置linux开启 ftp21端口

从零开始告诉我Linux的内核编译安装

如何在linux上从零开始配置一个网关

[资料] 深度探索嵌入式操作系统之从零开始设计、架构和开发（高清pdf版）

基于Netfilter从零开始写一个Linux防火墙

从零开始 nacos

最新资源