LDAP系统管理指南：快速集成与全面实操

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LDAP（Lightweight Directory Access Protocol），即轻型目录访问协议，是一种用于在网络环境中存储和检索信息的标准协议，它在身份验证、认证、授权管理以及配置信息集中扮演着关键角色。作为业界广泛采用的目录服务协议，LDAP系统管理员手册由Gerald Carter所著，由O'Reilly出版社于2003年3月出版，书名是《LDAP System Administration》。这本书的ISBN号码是1-56592-491-6，共308页。该手册旨在帮助读者快速掌握 LDAP 管理技术，无论你之前是否有相关的 LDAP 经验。通过阅读，即使是没有 LDAP 基础的人也能有效地将目录服务器整合到核心网络服务中，如邮件服务（Mail）、域名系统（DNS）、超文本传输协议（HTTP）以及共享文件系统（SMB/CIFS）。这表明该书覆盖了从基础概念到实际应用的全面内容，包括但不限于： 1. LDAP体系结构与工作原理：深入理解LDAP的目录模型、数据结构、请求/响应模型以及其在分布式环境中的操作机制。 2. LDAP协议详解：包括如何建立连接、执行搜索、修改和删除操作，以及解析和构造LDAP消息。 3. LDAP版本兼容性：讨论不同LDAP版本（如LDAPv3、LDAPv2等）之间的差异，以及如何根据实际需求选择和迁移至最新版本。 4. 安全性和隐私保护：介绍如何配置和实施安全措施，如SSL/TLS加密、访问控制列表（ACLs）和安全增强的访问控制（SEAC）。 5. 实践案例与部署策略：书中提供了丰富的实战案例，指导读者如何在实际环境中部署和维护目录服务器，包括备份、恢复、性能调优等。 6. 集成到网络服务：详细介绍如何利用LDAP来增强邮件系统的用户管理、DNS中的域名解析以及HTTP和SMB/CIFS等服务的身份验证和权限控制。 7. 管理工具与最佳实践：推荐和分析各种 LDAP 管理工具，帮助读者提升效率，同时探讨如何遵循行业标准和最佳实践来确保系统的稳定和高效运行。《LDAP System Administration》是一本非常适合希望深入了解和精通 LDAP 技术的专业人士或系统管理员阅读的实用指南，无论是入门者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获得宝贵的知识和技能。

[ Team LiB ]

•

Table of Contents

•

Index

•

Reviews

•

Reader Reviews

•

Errata

LDAP System Administration

Gerald Carter

Publisher

: O'Reilly

Pub Date

: March 2003

ISBN

: 1-56592-491-6

Pages

: 308

If you want to be a master of your domain,

LDAP System Administration

will help you get up and running quickly

regardless of which LDAP version you use. After reading this book, even with no previous LDAP experience, you'll

be able to integrate a directory server into essential network services such as mail, DNS, HTTP, and SMB/CIFS.

[ Team LiB ]

LDAP is not a generalized replacement for specialized directories such as filesystems or DNS.

While storing certain types of binary information (e.g., JPEG photos) in directories can be useful, LDAP is not

intended for storing arbitrary "blobs" (Binary Lumps of Bits).

What about storing individual application settings for roaming users on an LDAP server? It is a judgment call

whether this is better served by a filesystem or a directory. For example, it is possible to store basic application

settings for Netscape Communicator in LDAP. Such things as an address book, a bookmarks file, and personal

preference settings are certainly appropriate for storage in a directory. However, using your directory as a location

for browser cache files would violate rule #2.

1.2.3 Access Protocol

All of this talk of directory services makes it is easy to forget that LDAP is a protocol. It is not uncommon to hear

someone refer to an LDAP server or LDAP tree. I have done so and will continue to do so. LDAP does provide a

treelike view of data, and it is this treelike view to which people refer when speaking of an LDAP server.

This introduction won't go into the specifics of the actual protocol. It is enough to think of LDAP as the message-

based, client/server protocol defined in

RFC 2251. LDAP is asynchronous (although many development kits provide

both blocking and nonblocking APIs), meaning that a client may issue multiple requests and that responses to

those requests may arrive in an order different from that in which they were issued. Notice in

Figure 1-3

that the

client sends Requests 1 and 2 prior to receiving a response, and the response to Request 3 is returned before the

response to Request 2.

Figure 1-3. LDAP requests and responses

More aspects of programming with LDAP operations will be covered in

Chapter 10

[ Team LiB ]

•

Table of Contents

•

Index

•

Reviews

•

Reader Reviews

•

Errata

LDAP System Administration

Gerald Carter

Publisher

: O'Reilly

Pub Date

: March 2003

ISBN

: 1-56592-491-6

Pages

: 308

If you want to be a master of your domain,

LDAP System Administration

will help you get up and running quickly

regardless of which LDAP version you use. After reading this book, even with no previous LDAP experience, you'll

be able to integrate a directory server into essential network services such as mail, DNS, HTTP, and SMB/CIFS.

[ Team LiB ]

1.3 LDAP Models

LDAP models represent the services provided by a server, as seen by a client. They are abstract models that

describe the various facets of an LDAP directory.

RFC 2251 divides an LDAP directory into two components: the

protocol model and the data model. However, in

Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services

, by

Timothy A. Howes, Mark C. Smith, and Gordon S. Good (MacMillan), four models are defined:

Information model

The information model provides the structures and data types necessary for building an LDAP directory tree.

An entry is the basic unit in an LDAP directory. You can visualize an entry as either an interior or exterior

node in the Directory Information Tree (DIT). An entry contains information about an instance of one or

objectClass

es. These

objectClass

es have certain required or optional attributes. Attribute types

have defined encoding and matching rules that govern such things as the type of data the attribute can hold

and how to compare this data during a search. This information model will be covered extensively in the

next chapter when we examine LDAP schema.

Naming model

The naming model defines how entries and data in the DIT are uniquely referenced. Each entry has an

attribute that is unique among all siblings of a single parent. This unique attribute is called the relative

distinguished name (RDN). You can uniquely identify any entry within a directory by following the RDNs of

all the entries in the path from the desired node to the root of the tree. This string created by combining

RDNs to form a unique name is called the node's distinguished name (DN).

Figure 1-4

, the directory entry outlined in the dashed square has an RDN of

cn=gerald carter

. Note that the

attribute name as well as the value are included in the RDN. The DN for this node would be

cn=gerald

carter,ou=people, dc=plainjoe,dc=org

Functional model

The functional model is the LDAP protocol itself. This protocol provides the means for accessing the data in

the directory tree. Access is implemented by authentication operations (bindings), query operations

(searches and reads), and update operations (writes).

Security model

The security model provides a mechanism for clients to prove their identity (authentication) and for the

server to control an authenticated client's access to data (authorization). LDAPv3 provides several

authentication methods not available in previous protocol versions. Some features, such as access control

lists, have not been standardized yet, leaving vendors to their own devices.

Figure 1-4. Example LDAP directory tree

At this high level, LDAP is relatively simple. It is a protocol for building highly distributed directories. In the next

chapter, we will examine certain LDAP concepts such as schemas, referrals, and replication in much more depth.

[ Team LiB ]

•

Table of Contents

•

Index

•

Reviews

•

Reader Reviews

•

Errata

LDAP System Administration

Gerald Carter

Publisher

: O'Reilly

Pub Date

: March 2003

ISBN

: 1-56592-491-6

Pages

: 308

If you want to be a master of your domain,

LDAP System Administration

will help you get up and running quickly

regardless of which LDAP version you use. After reading this book, even with no previous LDAP experience, you'll

be able to integrate a directory server into essential network services such as mail, DNS, HTTP, and SMB/CIFS.

[ Team LiB ]

2.1 LDIF

Most system administrators prefer to use plain-text files for server configuration information, as opposed to some

binary store of bits. It is more comfortable to deal with data in vi, Emacs, or notepad than to dig though raw bits

and bytes. Therefore, it seems fitting to begin an exploration of LDAP internals with a discussion of representing

directory data in text form.

The

LDAP Interchange Format (LDIF), defined in RFC 2849, is a standard text file format for storing LDAP

configuration information and directory contents. In its most basic form, an LDIF file is:

A collection of entries separated from each other by blank lines

A mapping of attribute names to values

A collection of directives that instruct the parser how to process the information

The first two characteristics provide exactly what is needed to describe the contents of an LDAP directory. We'll

return to the third characteristic when we discuss modifying the information in the directory in

Chapter 4

LDIF files are often used to import new data into your directory or make changes to existing data. The data in the

LDIF file must obey the schema rules of your LDAP directory. You can think of the schema as a data definition for

your directory. Every item that is added or changed in the directory is checked against the schema for correctness.

schema violation

occurs if the data does not correspond to the existing rules.

Figure 2-1

shows a simple directory information tree. Each entry in the directory is represented by an entry in the

LDIF file. Let's begin with the topmost entry in the tree labeled with the distinguished name (DN)

dc=plainjoe,dc=org

# LDIF listing for the entry dn: dc=plainjoe,dc=org

dn: dc=plainjoe,dc=org

objectClass: domain

dc: plainjoe

Figure 2-1. An LDAP directory tree

We can make a few observations about

LDIF syntax on the basis of this short listing:

Comments in an LDIF file begin with a

pound character (

) at position one and continue to the end of the

current line.

Attributes are listed on the lefthand side of the

colon (:), and values are presented on the righthand side. The

colon character is separated from the value by a space.

The

attribute uniquely identifies the

DN of the entry.

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