iPhone人机交互指南：Apple官方用户体验设计

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"iPhone人机接口指南-MobileHIG" 《iPhone人机接口指南》(Mobile Human Interface Guidelines，简称MobileHIG)是苹果公司发布的一份详细文档，旨在为开发者提供设计和构建优秀iOS应用的指导原则。这份指南是苹果用户体验团队在2010年6月3日更新的版本，它涵盖了关于如何创建符合苹果用户体验标准的iOS应用程序的诸多方面。 MobileHIG的核心目标是确保用户能够自然、直观地与iPhone应用进行交互。它强调了以下关键知识点： 1. **用户中心设计**：设计应始终以用户需求为中心，确保界面清晰、简洁且易于理解。开发者需考虑不同用户的技能水平和习惯，使得应用程序对初学者和专家都友好。 2. **一致性**：遵循苹果的界面元素和交互模式，如使用标准控件、图标和导航结构，能帮助用户快速熟悉新应用。例如，使用统一的返回按钮和底部标签栏等。 3. **直觉性**：设计应避免不必要的复杂性，让用户能立即理解如何操作。这意味着避免隐藏功能，减少学习曲线，以及使用常见的视觉符号和语言。 4. **反馈**：系统应提供即时反馈，确认用户的操作已成功执行。这可以通过动画、声音或屏幕变化来实现。 5. **效率**：优化用户完成任务的速度，减少不必要的步骤。例如，利用快捷方式、键盘快捷键和手势来提高输入效率。 6. **可发现性**：隐藏的功能应有明显的提示，如使用工具提示或下拉菜单。同时，重要功能不应深藏在多级菜单中。 7. **物理约束**：利用设备的特性，如重力感应、触摸屏和加速度计，提供独特的交互体验。例如，横屏模式下的全屏显示。 8. **易用性**：关注所有用户，包括有特殊需求的人。考虑无障碍功能，如文字放大、语音控制和动态字体大小调整。 9. **错误处理**：设计时预见到可能出现的错误，并提供清晰的错误消息和恢复路径。避免使用技术性的错误代码，而应使用用户可以理解的语言。 10. **美观**：保持界面整洁，使用高质量的图像和图标，确保视觉一致性。同时，避免过度装饰，以免分散用户注意力。 11. **性能**：应用程序应该快速响应，无明显延迟。加载时间、动画流畅度和电池消耗都是要考虑的因素。 12. **隐私**：尊重用户的隐私，明确告知何时需要访问个人信息，并在必要时请求用户许可。这份指南不仅仅是对设计规则的罗列，更是对苹果生态系统中良好设计实践的阐述。通过遵循MobileHIG，开发者可以创建出与苹果生态系统无缝融合、用户喜爱的应用程序。同时，它也提醒开发者，任何未经苹果许可的商业用途使用苹果商标，可能会引起法律问题。

Memory is Limited

Memory is a critical resource in iPhone OS, so managing memory in your application is crucial. Because the

iPhone OS virtual memory model does not include disk swap space, you must take care to avoid allocating

more memory than is available on the device. When low-memory conditions occur, iPhone OS warns the

running application and may terminate the application if the problem persists. Be sure your application is

responsive to memory usage warnings and cleans up memory in a timely manner.

As you design your application, strive to reduce the application’s memory footprint by, for example, eliminating

memory leaks, making resource files as small as possible, and loading resources lazily. See iPhone Application

Programming Guide for extensive information about how to design iPhone applications that handle memory

appropriately.

People See One Screen at a Time

One of the biggest differences between the iPhone OS environment and the computer environment is the

window paradigm. With the exceptions of some modal views, users see a single application screen at a time

on an iPhone OS–based device. iPhone applications can contain as many different screens as necessary, but

users access and see them sequentially, not simultaneously.

If the desktop version of your application requires users to see several windows simultaneously, you need

to decide if there’s a different way users can accomplish the same task in a single screen or a sequence of

screens. If not, you should focus your iPhone application on a single subtask of your computer application,

instead of trying to replicate a wider feature set.

People Interact with One Application at a Time

Only one application is visible in the foreground at a time. When people switch from one application to

another, the previous application quits and its user interface goes away. Prior to iPhone OS 4.0, this meant

that the quitting application was immediately removed from memory. In iPhone OS 4.0 and later, the quitting

application transitions to the background, where it may or may not continue running. This feature, called

multitasking, allows applications to remain in the background until they are launched again or until they

are terminated.

Note: Multitasking is available on certain devices running iPhone OS 4.0.

Most applications enter a suspended state when they transition to the background. When people restart a

suspended application, it can instantly resume running from the point where it quit, without having to reload

its user interface.

Some applications might need to continue running in the background while users run another application

in the foreground. For example, users might want an application that plays audio to continue playing even

while they’re using a different application to check their calendar or handle email.

To learn about how multitasking can impact your application’s behavior, see “Accommodating

Multitasking” (page 46).

Device Characteristics to Keep in Mind

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The iPhone OS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Onscreen User Help is Minimal

Mobile users don’t have the time to read through a lot of help content before they can use your application.

What’s more, you don’t want to give up valuable space to display or store it. A hallmark of the design of

iPhone OS–based devices is ease of use, so it’s crucial that you meet users’ expectations and make the use

of your application immediately obvious. There are a few things you can do to achieve this:

■ Use standard controls correctly. Users are familiar with the standard controls they see in the built-in

applications, so they already know how to use them in your application.

■ Be sure the path through the information you present is logical and easy for users to predict. In addition,

be sure to provide markers, such as back buttons, that users can use to find out where they are and how

to retrace their steps.

What Are Your Options?

Before you decide how to present your product to iPhone OS users, you need to understand the range of

options you have. Depending on the implementation details of your proposed product and its intended

audience, some types of software may be better suited to your needs than others.

This section divides software for iPhone OS–based devices into three broad categories, primarily based on

implementation method. Roughly speaking, you can create:

■ An iPhone application, which is an application you develop using the iPhone SDK to run natively on

iPhone OS–based devices.

■ Web-only content, including web applications, which are websites that behave like built-in iPhone

applications.

■ A hybrid application, which is an iPhone application that provides access to web content primarily

through a web-content viewing area, but includes some iPhone OS user interface elements.

iPhone Applications

iPhone applications resemble the built-in applications on iPhone OS–based devices in that they reside on

the device itself and take advantage of features of the iPhone OS environment. Users install iPhone applications

on their devices and use them just as they use built-in applications, such as Stocks, Maps, Calculator, and

Mail.

An iPhone application is quick to launch and easy to use. Whether the application enables a task like sending

email or provides entertainment to users, it is characterized by responsiveness, simplicity, and a beautiful,

streamlined user interface.

Web-only Content

You have a few different options when it comes to providing web-only content to iPhone OS users:

■ Web applications

What Are Your Options? 17

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The iPhone OS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Webpages that provide a focused solution to a task and conform to certain display guidelines are known

as web applications, because they behave similarly to the built-in iPhone OS applications. A web

application, like all web-only content, runs in Safari on iPhone; users do not install it on their devices,

instead they go to the web application’s URL.

■ Optimized webpages

Webpages that are optimized for Safari on iPhone display and operate as designed (with the exception

of any elements that rely on unsupported technologies, such as plug-ins, Flash, and Java). In addition,

an optimized webpage correctly scales content for the device screen and is often designed to detect

when it is being viewed on iPhone OS–based devices, so that it can adjust the content it provides

accordingly.

■ Compatible webpages

Webpages that are compatible with Safari on iPhone display and operate as designed (with the exception

of any elements that rely on unsupported technologies, such as plug-ins, Flash, and Java). A compatible

webpage does not tend to take extra steps to optimize the viewing experience on iPhone OS–based

devices, but the device usually displays the page successfully.

If you have an existing website or web application, first ensure that it works well on iPhone OS–based devices.

Also, you should consider creating a custom icon users can put on their Home screens using the Web Clip

feature. In effect, this allows users to keep on their Home Screens a bookmark to your website that looks like

a native application icon. To learn more about creating a custom icon and how to make web content look

great on iPhone OS–based devices, see iPhone Human Interface Guidelines for Web Applications.

Hybrid Applications

With iPhone OS, you can create an application that combines features of native applications and webpages.

A hybrid application is a native iPhone application that provides most of its structure and functionality

through a web viewing area, but also tends to contain standard iPhone OS user interface elements.

A hybrid application gives users access to web content with an element called a web view (described in “Web

Views” (page 114)). Precisely how you use a web view in your application is up to you, but it’s important to

avoid giving users the impression that your application is merely a mini web browser. A hybrid application

should behave and appear like a native iPhone application; it should not draw attention to the fact that it

depends upon web sources.

Three Application Styles

This document identifies three application styles, based on visual and behavioral characteristics, data model,

and user experience. Before you read further, it’s important to emphasize that these varieties are named and

described to help you clarify some of your design decisions, not to imply that there is a rigid classification

scheme that all iPhone software must follow. Instead, these styles are described to help you see how different

approaches can be suitable for different types of information and functionality.

Three Application Styles

CHAPTER 1

The iPhone OS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Note: Bear in mind that application style does not dictate implementation method. This document focuses

on designing native iPhone applications, but the application styles explored here can be implemented in

web or hybrid applications for iPhone OS–based devices.

As you read about these three application styles, think about how the characteristics of each might enhance

your proposed feature set and the overall user experience you plan to deliver in your iPhone application. To

help you discover the combination of characteristics that best suit your application, keep the following

questions in mind as you learn about different design styles for iPhone applications:

■ What do you expect to be the user’s motivation for using the application?

■ What do you intend to be the user’s experience while using the application?

■ What is the goal or focus of your application?

■ How does your application organize and display the information people care about? Is there a natural

organization associated with the main task of the application?

Productivity Applications

A productivity application enables tasks that are based on the organization and manipulation of detailed

information. People use productivity applications to accomplish important tasks. Mail is a good example of

a productivity application.

Seriousness of purpose does not mean that productivity applications should attempt to appear serious by

providing a dry, uninspiring user experience, but it does mean that users appreciate a streamlined approach

that does not hinder them. To this end, successful productivity applications keep the user experience focused

on the task, so people can quickly find what they need, easily perform the necessary actions, complete the

task, and move on to something else.

Productivity applications often organize user data hierarchically. In this way, people can find information by

making progressively more specific choices until they arrive at the desired level of detail. iPhone OS provides

table elements that make this process extremely efficient on iPhone OS devices (see “Table Views” (page 99)

for more information about these user interface elements). Figure 1-1 shows an example of this type of data

organization.

Three Application Styles 19

CHAPTER 1

The iPhone OS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

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iPhone人机交互指南：Apple官方用户体验设计

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