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首页802.11ad标准详解:60GHz频段的高通量增强
802.11ad标准详解:60GHz频段的高通量增强
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802.11ad标准是IEEE针对无线局域网(Wireless LAN)介质访问控制(MAC)和物理层(PHY)规格进行的一项重要修正,目的是增强在60GHz频段的极高数据传输速率。该标准是IEEE Std 802.11系列的一部分,最初由LAN/MAN标准委员会发起,并于2012年12月28日发布,作为对IEEE Std 802.11(2012版)的增补,同时受到了IEEE Std 802.11ae(2012)和IEEE Std 802.11aa(2012)的影响。
802.11ad标准的主要关注点在于利用60GHz频段的未被充分利用的带宽,这使得它能够提供比传统802.11ac标准更高得多的数据吞吐量,从而支持高速无线连接,如高清视频流、虚拟现实(VR)和大规模多用户(MIMO)应用。这一标准支持的最高速率可以达到43.5Gbps,这在当时的无线技术中是相当先进的。
在MAC层,802.11ad引入了新的帧格式和协议机制,以适应60GHz频段的特点,包括短帧支持、快速信道切换和更高效的多点协调功能。这些改进旨在提高网络的效率和响应速度,确保在高密度环境中也能保持稳定的性能。
在PHY层,802.11ad采用OFDM(正交频分复用)技术和MIMO技术,以实现更高的数据传输速率和抗干扰能力。它还定义了多个载波和更高的调制阶数,如64QAM和256QAM,以充分利用频谱资源。此外,标准还规定了新的频率规划和多通道操作方法,以减少同频干扰并提高信号覆盖范围。
与传统802.11标准相比,802.11ad标准对设备的要求也更高,需要支持更复杂的硬件架构,包括高性能的射频前端和多天线阵列。由于60GHz频段的特性(如高路径损耗和受环境影响大),部署802.11ad网络时还需要考虑适当的部署策略,如使用定向天线和智能天线系统来提高信号质量。
802.11ad标准是一个里程碑式的进展,它扩展了无线通信的极限,为未来的无线应用场景提供了强大的技术基础。然而,尽管其潜力巨大,实际应用时仍需考虑到频谱可用性、成本、干扰控制等因素,以确保最佳的用户体验和网络性能。
xiv Copyright © 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved.
10.2 Power management............................................................................................................... 342
10.2.1 Power management in an non-DMG infrastructure network ............................... 342
10.2.4 SM power save ..................................................................................................... 342
10.2.5 Power management in a PBSS and DMG infrastructure BSS ............................. 342
10.3 STA authentication and association ..................................................................................... 349
10.3.1 State variables....................................................................................................... 349
10.3.2 State transition diagram for nonmesh STAs......................................................... 350
10.3.3 Frame filtering based on STA state ...................................................................... 351
10.3.4 Authentication and deauthentication .................................................................... 353
10.3.5 Association, reassociation, and disassociation ..................................................... 354
10.3.6 Additional mechanisms for an AP collocated with a mesh STA ......................... 363
10.3.7 Communicating PBSS information ...................................................................... 363
10.4 TS operation ......................................................................................................................... 363
10.4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 363
10.4.2 TSPEC Construction............................................................................................. 365
10.4.3 TS life cycle.......................................................................................................... 365
10.4.4 TS Setup ............................................................................................................... 366
10.4.7 Failed TS Setup .................................................................................................... 369
10.4.8 Data Transfer ........................................................................................................ 369
10.4.9 TS Deletion........................................................................................................... 370
10.4.10 TS Timeout ........................................................................................................... 370
10.4.13 DMG allocation formats ....................................................................................... 372
10.4.14 PTP TS Operation................................................................................................. 373
10.5 Block Ack operation............................................................................................................. 373
10.5.2 Setup and modification of the Block Ack parameters .......................................... 373
10.7 DLS operation....................................................................................................................... 374
10.7.1 General.................................................................................................................. 374
10.8 TPC procedures ................................................................................................................... 375
10.8.1 General.................................................................................................................. 375
10.8.2 Association based on transmit power capability .................................................. 375
10.8.4 Specification of regulatory and local maximum transmit power levels ............... 375
10.8.6 Adaptation of the transmit power ......................................................................... 376
10.9 DFS procedures ................................................................................................................... 376
10.9.1 General.................................................................................................................. 376
10.9.2 Association based on supported channels ........................................................... 377
10.9.3 Quieting channels for testing ............................................................................... 377
10.9.7 Requesting and reporting of measurements ......................................................... 377
10.9.8 Selecting and advertising a new channel .............................................................. 378
10.11 Radio measurement procedures............................................................................................ 379
10.11.6 Requesting and reporting of measurements.......................................................... 379
10.11.8 Triggered autonomous reporting .......................................................................... 379
10.11.11 Link Measurement................................................................................................ 379
10.11.14 Multiple BSSID Set .............................................................................................. 380
10.11.16 Access Delay Measurement.................................................................................. 380
10.22 Tunneled direct-link setup .................................................................................................... 380
10.22.1 General..................................................................................................................380
10.23 Wireless network management procedures .......................................................................... 380
10.23.14 Channel usage procedures .................................................................................... 380
10.23.15 Group addressed transmission service.................................................................. 381
10.24 WLAN interworking with external networks procedures .................................................... 382
10.24.3 Interworking procedures: generic advertisement service (GAS).......................... 382
10.27 Procedures to manage OBSS ................................................................................................ 382
10.28 DMG beamformed link and BSS maintenance .................................................................... 382
10.28.1 Beamformed link maintenance............................................................................. 382
Copyright © 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
10.28.2 PCP Handover ...................................................................................................... 385
10.29 DMG BSS peer and service discovery ................................................................................ 387
10.29.1 Information Request and Response ...................................................................... 387
10.29.2 Peer Service Discovery......................................................................................... 387
10.30 Changing DMG BSS parameters......................................................................................... 388
10.30.1 General..................................................................................................................388
10.30.2 Moving the TBTT................................................................................................. 388
10.30.3 Changing beacon interval duration....................................................................... 389
10.30.4 Maintaining synchronization in a PCP/AP cluster ............................................... 390
10.30.5 Recommending DMG BSS parameters to the PCP/AP........................................ 390
10.31 Spatial sharing and interference mitigation for DMG STAs................................................ 391
10.31.1 General..................................................................................................................391
10.31.2 Spatial sharing and interference assessment......................................................... 391
10.31.3 Achieving spatial sharing and interference mitigation ......................................... 393
10.31.4 PBSS and infrastructure BSS stability in OBSS scenarios................................... 394
10.32 Multi-band operation ........................................................................................................... 394
10.32.1 General..................................................................................................................394
10.32.2 FST setup protocol................................................................................................ 396
10.32.3 FST teardown ....................................................................................................... 405
10.32.4 On-channel Tunneling (OCT) operation .............................................................. 405
10.32.5 FST payload.......................................................................................................... 407
10.33 MMSL cluster operation...................................................................................................... 407
10.33.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 407
10.33.2 MMSL cluster setup ............................................................................................. 408
10.34 DMG coexistence with non-IEEE-802.11 systems .............................................................. 409
10.35 DMG relay procedures ......................................................................................................... 410
10.35.1 General..................................................................................................................410
10.35.2 Common relay setup procedures .......................................................................... 411
10.35.3 Relay operation-type change procedure ............................................................... 412
10.35.4 Relay teardown ..................................................................................................... 413
10.36 Quieting adjacent DMG BSSs .............................................................................................. 413
10.36.1 General..................................................................................................................413
10.36.2 Procedure at the requester AP .............................................................................. 414
10.36.3 Procedure at the responder AP ............................................................................. 414
10.37 DMG beamforming .............................................................................................................. 414
10.38 DMG MAC sublayer parameters.......................................................................................... 417
11. Security ............................................................................................................................................ 419
11.1 Framework............................................................................................................................ 419
11.1.2 Security methods .................................................................................................. 419
11.1.3 RSNA equipment and RSNA capabilities ............................................................ 419
11.1.4 RSNA establishment............................................................................................. 419
11.4 RSNA confidentiality and integrity protocols ..................................................................... 421
11.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 421
11.4.3 CTR with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP).............................................................. 421
11.4.4 Broadcast/Multicast Integrity Protocol (BIP)....................................................... 421
11.4.5 GCM with Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) Protocol (GCMP) ... 421
11.5 RSNA security association management.............................................................................. 427
11.5.1 Security associations............................................................................................. 427
11.5.2 RSNA selection .................................................................................................... 428
11.5.7a RSNA policy selection in a PBSS ........................................................................ 428
11.5.8 RSNA management of the IEEE 802.1X Controlled Port.................................... 428
11.5.11a RSNA authentication in a PBSS........................................................................... 429
xvi Copyright © 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved.
11.5.14a RSNA key management in a PBSS ...................................................................... 429
11.5.15 RSNA security association termination................................................................ 429
11.5.18 RSNA rekeying..................................................................................................... 429
11.5.19 Multi-band RSNA ................................................................................................ 430
11.6 Keys and key distribution ..................................................................................................... 433
11.6.2 EAPOL-Key frames ............................................................................................. 433
11.6.6 4-Way Handshake................................................................................................. 434
11.7 Mapping EAPOL keys to IEEE 802.11 keys ....................................................................... 435
11.7.8 Mapping PTK to GCMP keys .............................................................................. 435
13. MLME mesh procedures ................................................................................................................. 437
13.1 Mesh STA dependencies ...................................................................................................... 437
21. Directional multi-gigabit (DMG) PHY specification ...................................................................... 439
21.1 DMG PHY introduction ....................................................................................................... 439
21.1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................... 439
21.1.2 DMG PHY functions ............................................................................................ 439
21.2 DMG PHY service interface................................................................................................. 440
21.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 440
21.2.2 TXVECTOR and RXVECTOR parameters ......................................................... 440
21.2.3 TXSTATUS parameters ....................................................................................... 442
21.3 Common parameters............................................................................................................. 443
21.3.1 Channelization ...................................................................................................... 443
21.3.2 Transmit mask ..................................................................................................... 443
21.3.3 Common requirements ........................................................................................ 443
21.3.4 Timing-related parameters.................................................................................... 446
21.3.5 Mathematical conventions in the signal description............................................. 447
21.3.6 Common preamble ............................................................................................... 448
21.3.7 HCS calculation for headers of control PHY, OFDM PHY, and SC PHY .......... 451
21.3.8 Common LDPC parity matrices ........................................................................... 451
21.3.9 Scrambler.............................................................................................................. 453
21.3.10 Received channel power indicator (RCPI) measurement..................................... 454
21.4 DMG control PHY................................................................................................................ 454
21.4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 454
21.4.2 Frame format ........................................................................................................ 454
21.4.3 Transmission......................................................................................................... 455
21.4.4 Performance requirements ................................................................................... 458
21.5 DMG OFDM PHY ............................................................................................................... 459
21.5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 459
21.5.2 Frame format ........................................................................................................ 459
21.5.3 Transmission......................................................................................................... 459
21.5.4 Performance requirements ................................................................................... 468
21.6 DMG SC PHY ...................................................................................................................... 470
21.6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 470
21.6.2 Frame format ........................................................................................................ 470
21.6.3 Transmission......................................................................................................... 470
21.6.4 Performance requirements ................................................................................... 477
21.7 DMG low-power SC PHY.................................................................................................... 478
21.7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 478
21.7.2 Transmission......................................................................................................... 479
21.8 PLCP transmit procedure...................................................................................................... 482
21.9 PLCP receive procedure ....................................................................................................... 485
Copyright © 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
21.10 Beamforming ........................................................................................................................ 487
21.10.1 Beamforming concept........................................................................................... 487
21.10.2 Beamforming PHY frame format ......................................................................... 487
21.11 Golay sequences ................................................................................................................... 490
21.12 DMG PLME ......................................................................................................................... 491
21.12.1 PLME_SAP sublayer management primitives ..................................................... 491
21.12.2 DMG PHY MIB ................................................................................................... 491
21.12.3 TXTIME calculation............................................................................................. 492
21.12.4 PHY characteristics .............................................................................................. 492
21.13 DMG PMD sublayer............................................................................................................. 494
21.13.1 Scope and field of application .............................................................................. 494
21.13.2 Overview of service.............................................................................................. 494
21.13.3 Overview of interactions ...................................................................................... 494
21.13.4 Basic service and options ..................................................................................... 494
21.13.5 PMD_SAP detailed service specification............................................................. 495
Annex B (normative) Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma....................... 499
B.4 PICS proforma...................................................................................................................... 499
B.4.3 IUT configuration ................................................................................................. 499
B.4.4 MAC protocol....................................................................................................... 500
B.4.14 QoS base functionality.......................................................................................... 505
B.4.15 QoS enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA).............................................. 506
B.4.17 Radio management extensions ............................................................................. 507
B.4.26 DMG features ..................................................................................................... 508
Annex C (normative) ASN.1 encoding of the MAC and PHY MIB........................................................... 517
C.3 MIB Detail............................................................................................................................ 517
Annex E (normative) Country elements and operating classes ................................................................... 539
E.1 Country information and operating classes .......................................................................... 539
Annex H (normative) Usage of Ethertype 89-0d......................................................................................... 541
Annex L (informative) Examples of encoding a frame for OFDM PHYs and DMG PHYs
....................... 543
L.4 DMG example data vectors .................................................................................................. 543
L.5 DMG Example 1 – CPHY encoding .................................................................................... 544
L.5.1 CPHY preamble.................................................................................................... 544
L.5.2 CPHY header........................................................................................................ 545
L.5.3 CPHY payload...................................................................................................... 547
L.6 DMG Example 2 – SC PHY encoding ................................................................................. 548
L.6.1 sC PHY Preamble................................................................................................. 548
L.6.2 SC PHY header..................................................................................................... 549
L.6.3 SC PHY payload................................................................................................... 552
L.7 DMG Example 3 – OFDM PHY encoding .......................................................................... 557
L.7.1 OFDM PHY preamble.......................................................................................... 557
L.7.2 OFDM PHY header coding .................................................................................. 558
L.7.3 OFDM PHY header modulation........................................................................... 560
L.7.4 OFDM PHY payload coding ................................................................................ 561
L.7.5 OFDM PHY MCS14 payload modulation ........................................................... 562
L.7.6 OFDM PHY MCS17 payload modulation ........................................................... 564
xviii Copyright © 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved.
L.7.7 OFDM PHY MCS19 payload modulation ........................................................... 566
L.7.8 OFDM PHY MCS23 payload modulation ........................................................... 568
L.8 DMG Example 4 – LP SC PHY encoding ........................................................................... 569
L.8.1 LP SC PHY preamble........................................................................................... 569
L.8.2 LP SC PHY header ............................................................................................... 570
L.8.3 LP SC PHY MCS26 payload................................................................................ 573
L.8.4 LP SC PHY MCS30 payload................................................................................ 574
Annex M (informative) RSNA reference implementations and test vectors............................................... 577
M.11 GCMP................................................................................................................................... 577
M.11.1 Test vector ............................................................................................................ 577
M.11.2 Example of encryption C code ............................................................................. 579
Annex N (informative) Admission control .................................................................................................. 593
N.3 Guidelines and reference design for sample scheduler and admission control unit ............. 593
N.3.3 Reference design for sample scheduler and admission control unit..................... 593
Annex Y (informative) Functions of the centralized coordination service root (CCSR) ............................ 595
Annex Z (informative) TSPEC aggregation for DMG BSSs ...................................................................... 597
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