ZigBee无线网络和收发器技术详解

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"ZigBee 无线网络和收发器" ZigBee 无线网络和收发器是一种基于 IEEE 802.15.4 标准的低速率、低功耗的无线个人区域网络（WPAN）技术。该技术主要应用于自动控制、家居自动化、工业控制、医疗保健等领域。 ZigBee 技术的特点是低功耗、低成本、低复杂度、短距离传输等。 ZigBee 设备可以在 battery 或 button battery 中工作数年，非常适合需要长时间工作的应用场景。 ZigBee 协议栈分为三个层次：物理层（PHY）、介质访问控制层（MAC）和应用层。物理层负责数据的传输和接收，介质访问控制层负责数据的传输和接收的控制，应用层负责数据的处理和处理结果的传输。 ZigBee 网络有两种 topology 结构：star topology 和 mesh topology。Star topology 中，所有设备都连接到一个中心协调器（Coordinator）， Coordinator 负责网络的管理和数据的传输。Mesh topology 中，所有设备可以相互通信，形成一个复杂的网络结构。 ZigBee 设备可以分为三种类型： Coordinator、Router 和 End Device。Coordinator 负责网络的管理和数据的传输，Router 负责数据的转发，End Device 负责数据的传输和接收。 ZigBee 技术的应用场景非常广泛，如智能家居、工业自动化、医疗保健、智能交通等等。例如，在智能家居系统中，ZigBee 技术可以用于控制家电、照明、温度等设备。在本书中，作者详细介绍了 ZigBee 协议的技术细节，包括物理层、介质访问控制层、应用层的实现细节，以及 ZigBee 网络的 topology 结构和设备类型等。同时，作者还提供了一些实际应用场景的案例，帮助读者更好地理解 ZigBee 技术的应用。本书是学习 ZigBee 技术的经典资源，非常适合需要了解 ZigBee 技术细节的读者。

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Foreword

ZigBee

Wireless Technology is the leading global standard for implementing low-cost,

low-data-rate, short-range wireless networks with extended battery life. The ZigBee

Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable, cost-

effective, low-power, wirelessly networked monitoring and control products based on an

open global standard. The specification documents released by the ZigBee Alliance and

IEEE 802.15 WPAN Working Group are the official sources for implementing ZigBee

and IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless networks. However, these lengthy documents can be

overwhelming for people with time constraints or technical backgrounds that are more

product-focused. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive resource that not only

contains the in-depth technical information but also provides high-level overviews of

the fundamentals of ZigBee wireless networking. This book, by Dr. Shahin Farahani,

addresses this need with a concise tutorial on ZigBee technology.

This book provides a complete picture of ZigBee wireless networking, from radio

frequency (RF) and Physical layer (PHY) considerations up to Application layer

development. The book is very well organized and the materials are easy to follow, with

well-balanced coverage of the protocol. In addition, Chapter 3 of this book contains the

frequently used IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee tables and frame formats and can act as a

quick reference for these standards.

This book serves as an introduction to IEEE 802.15.4, the ZigBee standard and its

applications. Just as important, the content is sufficiently thorough to provide deep

understanding of the practical considerations of implementing any size ZigBee wireless

network. For example, one of the more interesting potentials for the technology within

the “ intelligent RFID ” space is to allow the ability to estimate the location of objects

or personnel. Chapter 7 of this book is a good introduction to various approaches that

xviii Preface

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the fundamentals of the ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 standard are reviewed. Chapter 2 is

brief and provides a number of ZigBee wireless networking examples, including home

automation, consumer electronics, and healthcare.

Chapter 3 is a detailed description of IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocol layers,

including security features. This chapter acts as a summary of the IEEE 802.15.4 and

ZigBee standard documents. Chapter 3 provides information regarding the 2007 edition

of the ZigBee standard, whenever needed, along with the 2006 edition. Appendix D

summarizes some of the differences between ZigBee-Pro (2007) and ZigBee-2006. If the

level of detail in Chapter 3 exceeds your interest or background, you can skip that chapter

and continue with Chapter 4 as long as you have read Chapter 1.

Basic information regarding transceivers developed for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is

provided in Chapter 4. An IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver must meet specific

requirements outlined in the standard itself. This chapter helps in understanding these

requirements and in comparing and contrasting performance of various transceivers.

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensor output is an analog signal and must

be converted to digital. The basics of analog-to-digital to converters (ADCs) and their

performance metrics are provided in Chapter 4.

Chapter 5 studies the effect of environment on a ZigBee wireless network. In reality,

the performance of a wireless network can be affected by the environment. Chapter 5

provides a number of techniques that can be used to mitigate performance degradation

due to environment. Range estimation and the methods that can be used to improve

the range are also covered in Chapter 5. The antenna can be designed specifically for

each application scenario and may greatly affect the performance of a wireless node.

Fundamental properties of antennas and some of the basic antenna shapes used in short-

range wireless networks are provided in Chapter 5. Regulatory requirements in North

America, Europe, and Japan are also reviewed in this chapter.

A battery-powered node developed for ZigBee wireless networking may operate for

several years before its battery must be replaced. The expected battery life depends on the

application scenario, and Chapter 6 provides a simple way of calculating the estimated

battery life. Battery life is not only a function of hardware-level performance of each

node but also depends on the operation efficiency of the network. Chapter 6 reviews both

hardware- and network-level battery life extension methods.

One of the applications of short-range wireless networking is estimating the location of

moving objects. Chapter 7 provides a number of methods that can be used for location

Preface xix

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estimation using a ZigBee network. In contrast to a global positioning system (GPS), the

short-range location-estimation methods rely solely on the information gathered locally

from other nearby nodes to estimate the location of a moving object.

ZigBee networks operate in an unlicensed band, shared by many other wireless networks

such as WiFi™ for wireless Internet access. Chapter 8 provides an introduction to a

coexistence mechanism and reviews some of the methods used in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless

networking to increase the robustness of the network to interferences. Chapter 9 reviews

some of alternative short-range wireless networking standards, including IPv6 over IEEE

802.15.4 and WirelessHART™. This book contains five appendices. The summary of

the differences between ZigBee-Pro/2007 and ZigBee-2006 is provided in appendix D.

Appendix E reviews the building blocks inside a transceiver using a tutorial approach.

Appendix E is not a prerequisite for Chapter 4.

Supplements

This book comes with a dedicated Website ( www.LearnZigBee.com ) instead of a

companion CD. The applications of short-range wireless networking are growing and

the associated standards and regulations may change over time. A dedicated Website for

the book allows us to provide up-to-date information to readers even after the book is

published. You can also post questions or comments on the LearnZigBee.com Website.

The content of the Website includes, but is not limited to, the following:

●

A simple spreadsheet (calculator) for range and battery life analysis

●

Links to useful tools and additional materials

●

Links to standard documents, including the latest versions of IEEE 802.15.4 and

ZigBee standards

●

Links to regulatory requirements documents, including FCC and ETSI

●

Links to related datasheets (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4 transceivers)

●

Additional references for short-range wireless networking

The simple spreadsheet (calculator) we mentioned was created based on the materials

discussed in this book. For example, you can use this spreadsheet to calculate the

expected battery life of a node or estimate the range improvement if an external power

amplifier (PA) is added to a node. Although the spreadsheet is simple and

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