GIS体系探秘:PostGIS与空间数据类型

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"GIS系统是地理信息系统,它涵盖了多种数据类型和空间操作,其中PostGIS作为重要的数据库层组件,提供全面的空间数据支持。" GIS,全称Geographic Information System,是一种能够采集、存储、管理、分析和展示地理数据的系统。GIS不仅仅是一个软件工具,而是一个集成多种技术的综合体系,它将地理数据与非地理数据相结合,帮助用户理解和解决问题。 在GIS体系中,数据库层起着至关重要的作用。这里特别提到了两个开源的空间数据库项目——PostGIS和MySQL的空间扩展。PostGIS是基于开源数据库PostgreSQL的一个扩展,它引入了对地理数据类型的全面支持,包括点(Point)、线(LineString)、多边形(Polygon)、多点(MultiPoint)、多线(MultiLineString)、多多边形(MultiPolygon)以及集合对象集(GeometryCollection)等基本的空间几何对象。这些数据类型允许用户存储各种复杂的地理特征,如城市、河流、建筑物等。 PostGIS严格遵循开放地理空间联盟(OGC)的《Simple Features Specifications for SQL》标准,这个标准规定了如何在SQL环境中处理空间数据,包括数据类型定义、空间运算符、输入输出格式、函数以及其他操作。PostGIS提供了丰富的函数集,不仅有简单的空间分析函数如计算面积(Area)和长度(Length),还有复杂的分析功能,例如Distance函数可以计算两个地理对象之间的距离。此外,PostGIS还支持元数据管理,如GEOMETRYCOLUMNS和SPATIALREFSYS表,以及相关的管理函数,如AddGeometryColumn和DropGeometryColumn,方便用户进行空间列的添加和删除。 在空间查询和分析方面,PostGIS提供了二元谓词,如Contains、Within、Overlaps和Touches,它们能帮助用户检测和理解空间对象之间的相互关系,这对于地理空间分析和决策至关重要。例如,通过检查一个区域是否包含在另一个区域内部(Contains),或者判断两个区域是否有重叠(Overlaps),GIS用户可以进行深入的空间分析。 GIS系统,特别是其数据库层如PostGIS,为地理信息的存储、管理和分析提供了强大的工具,使得地理数据的处理更加高效和灵活,广泛应用于城市规划、环境监测、交通运输、灾害响应等多个领域。了解并掌握GIS及其核心组件,对于任何涉及地理信息处理的项目都是极其有价值的。
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Create and manage spatial data with PostGIS Key Features Import and export geographic data from the PostGIS database using the available tools Maintain, optimize, and fine-tune spatial data for long-term viability Utilize the parallel support functionality that was introduced in PostgreSQL 9.6 Book Description PostGIS is a spatial database that integrates the advanced storage and analysis of vector and raster data, and is remarkably flexible and powerful. PostGIS provides support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database and is currently the most popular open source spatial databases. If you want to explore the complete range of PostGIS techniques and expose related extensions, then this book is for you. This book is a comprehensive guide to PostGIS tools and concepts which are required to manage, manipulate, and analyze spatial data in PostGIS. It covers key spatial data manipulation tasks, explaining not only how each task is performed, but also why. It provides practical guidance allowing you to safely take advantage of the advanced technology in PostGIS in order to simplify your spatial database administration tasks. Furthermore, you will learn to take advantage of basic and advanced vector, raster, and routing approaches along with the concepts of data maintenance, optimization, and performance, and will help you to integrate these into a large ecosystem of desktop and web tools. By the end, you will be armed with all the tools and instructions you need to both manage the spatial database system and make better decisions as your project's requirements evolve. What you will learn Import and export geographic data from the PostGIS database using the available tools Structure spatial data using the functionality provided by a combination of PostgreSQL and PostGIS Work with a set of PostGIS functions to perform basic and advanced vector analyses Connect PostGIS with Python Learn to use programming frameworks around PostGIS Maintain, optimize, and fine-tune spatial data for long-term viability Explore the 3D capabilities of PostGIS, including LiDAR point clouds and point clouds derived from Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques Distribute 3D models through the Web using the X3D standard Use PostGIS to develop powerful GIS web applications using Open Geospatial Consortium web standards Master PostGIS Raster Who This Book Is For This book is for developers who need some quick solutions for PostGIS. Prior knowledge of PostgreSQL and spatial concepts would be an added advantage. Table of Contents Chapter 1. MOVING DATA IN AND OUT OF POSTGIS Chapter 2. STRUCTURES THAT WORK Chapter 3. WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA THE BASICS Chapter 4. WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA ADVANCED RECIPES Chapter 5. WORKING WITH RASTER DATA Chapter 6. WORKING WITH PGROUTING Chapter 7. Into the Nth Dimension Chapter 8. POSTGIS PROGRAMMING Chapter 9. POSTGIS AND THE WEB Chapter 10. MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION AND PERFORMANCE TUNING Chapter 11. USING DESKTOP CLIENTS Chapter 12. Introduction to Location Privacy Protection Mechanisms