阿扎德-查谟克什米尔地区公立与私立小学的教育绩效对比 - CSDN文库

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Chapter

1

Introduction

and

Background

Information

Kashmir;

no

one

has

investigated

this

area

before

even

private

primary

education

is

a

big

figure

in

AJ&K

primary

education

system.

This

is

first

comparative

study

which

has

investigated

the

role

of

public

and

private

sector

schools

by

taking

into

account

maximum

performance

measur



ing

indicators.The

focus

was

on

analyzing

the

role

of

private

sector

schools

for

provision

of

pri



mary

education

and

exploration

of

the

deficiencies

in

both

public

and

private

sectors

of

schools.

Effort

was

also

made

to

give

suggestions

to

policy

makers

for

improvement

and

highlight

areas

for

further

in

depth

studies.

The

changes

in

the

education

sector

that

have

been

taking

place

in

state

have

created

an

environment

with

numerous

opportunities

as

well

as

challenges

in

terms

of

poHcy

development.

With

an

increasing

population

of

children

under

the

age

of

16

and

the

addi



tion

of

article

25A

under

the

18th

Amendment

Act

2010

to

the

Constitution,

the

government

is

countenance

with

an

intimidating

task

of

enrolling

all

the

children

of

age

5-16

years

in

the

coun



try

as

well

as

improving

the

quality

of

the

education

for

sustained

access.

Although

the

enroll



ment

in

government

schools

is

much

bigger

than

any

other

sector,

the

declining

trend

in

favor

of

non

-state

providers

i.e.

private

sector

is

significant.

This

has

enabled

the

researcher

to

explore

the

quality

of

private

sector

schools

and

compare

with

the

public

sector

schools

in

the

same

vi



cinity.

The

study

suggests

that

government

needs

to

examine

and

collaborate

with

non-state

partners

strategically

for

both

education

provision

and

quality

management.

1.2

Case

of

Azad

Jammu

&

Kashmir

All

Jammu

&

Kashmir

is

disputed

state

between

Pakistan

and

India.

Azad

Jammu

and

Kashmir

which

is

abbreviated

as

AJ&K

is

an

area

under

the

control

of

Pakistan,

a

part

of

former

princely

state

of

Jammu

and

Kashmir.

This

area

was

ceased

to

exist

in

1947

as

a

result

of

Kashmir

wm*.

AJ&K

has

a

total

area

of

5134

Square

Miles

(13297

Square

Kilometers)

with

4.153

million

pop



ulations

comprises

of

50.43

percent

male

and

49.66

percent

female

with

average

family

size

6.7

members

andl368

US$*

estimated

to

be

national

income

per

capita.

Urban

and

rural

population

ratio

is

12:88(AJ&K

Government

2014;

Malik,

2002).

Government

of

AJ&K

has

parliamentary

system

legislative

assembly,

the

Constitutional

Head

is

president

and

Prime

Minister

is

the

Chief

Executive

of

the

State.

The

state

depends

on

Pakistan

for

its

outlet

to

the

rest

of

the

world.

Geo



graphically

the

area

is

mountainous

and

hilly

with

beautiful

valleys

and

stretches

of

plains

and

bestowed

with

natural

splendor

having

thick

forests,

fast

graceful

rivers

and

twisting

streams.

Chapter

1

Introduction

and

Background

Information

Economy

of

this

state

is

dep

ending

on

subsistence

agriculture,

sale

of

electrical

power,

tourism,

mining

and

livestock.

1.3

Problem

Statement

Primary

education

has

always

the

strategic

concern

of

the

educational

policy

makers

and

plan



ners.

In

AJ&K

education

is

mainly

provided

through

public

sector

and

almost

30

percent

of

total

AJ&K

recurring

budget,

beside

7

percent

of

the

entirely

development

budget

is

billed

to

public

sector

education

which

indicates

education

has

been

a

priority

of

the

government

of

AJ&K.

On

other

hand

the

trend

of

private

schooling

especially

at

primary

level

is

increasing

gradually

from

last

few

decades

and

a

large

share,

3

&

2

%

of

total

enrolment

in

schools

is

absorbed

by

private

sector

schools

in

the

Azad

Kashmir

rural

area.

Even

poorest

parents

put

their

maximum

effort

to

send

their

child

to

private

schools.

Research

so

far

conducted

in

this

area

did

not

consider

aspects

such

as:

what

facts

exist

on

the

ground

for

such

trend?

What

is

the

role

of

private

sector

as

edu



cation

provider

in

term

of

access,

quality

and

performance?

The

previous

research

lacks

a

direct

analysis

between

public

schools

and

private

sector

schools

both

in

Pakistan

and

in

AJ&K.

There

is

also

a

need

to

examine

the

performance

gap

in

public

and

private

sector

schools

in

terms

of

evaluation

of

the

specific

areas

that

needed

reform.

Therefore

study

has

been

kept

focused

on

the

topic,

“

The

Role

of

Public

and

Private

Sector

as

Education

Provider

in

Improving

Issues

of

Ac



cess

and

Quality

AJ&K

Pakistan

1.4

Significance

of

Study

Schools

have

always

been

multifaceted

and

complex

environments

of

teaching-learning

and

in



dividual

growth.

Working

within

this

complex

paradigm,

school

psychologists

play

a

key

role

in

the

effectual

school

system.

Maintenance

of

quality

education

is

a

global

issue.

The

education

planners

need

necessary

information

around

areas

of

the

deficiencies

in

education

system

to

make

the

policies

for

quality

education.

This

is

the

first

study

of

its

kind

in

Azad

Jammu

&Kashmir

and

attempts

to

explore

the

comparative

role

of

private

sector

in

providing

quality

ed



ucation.

In

addition,

the

performances,

strengths

and

weaknesses

of

both

public

and

private

sec

tor

schools

have

also

been

investigated

to

provide

evidence

for

those

who

directly

involve

in

AJ&K

education

system.

This

study

has

also

validated

the

developmental

schemes

of

ministry

of

education

whether

or

not

to

extent

further

or

what

changes

necessary

and

that

either

reform

are

5

Chapter

1

Introduction

and

Background

Information

for

improvement

of

educational

quality.

Finally

study

intends

to

provide

valuable

information

to

parents

for

proper

selection

of

schools

for

their

children.

1.5

Purpose

of

Study

Almost

three

decades

ago

the

private

schooling

was

only

limited

to

urban

areas

in

Azad

Jammu

and

Kashmir.

A

large

part

of

population

88

%

living

in

rural

area.

The

private

schooling

started

in

AJ&K

rural

area

in

1990

and

afterward

it

grew

rapidly.

Currently

a

large

share

of

all

school

going

children

is

absorbed

by

private

sector

schools

at

primary

level

in

Azad

Jammu

&

Kashmir

rural

area.

Trend

to

send

the

children

in

private

schools

is

increasing

rapidly

even

poorest

parents

want

to

send

their

children

to

private

schools.

What

facts

on

the

ground,

why

parent

prefer

pri

vate

schooling,

whether

there

is

a

gap

in

performance

of

public

and

private

schools,

this

study

have

been

conducted

to

compare

the

public

versus

private

sector

schools

by

analyzing

maximum

measures

of

performance.

Main

purpose

of

this

study

was

to

find

the

role

of

private

sector

as

ed



ucation

provider

at

primary

level

as

compared

to

public

sectors

in

term

performance

indicator

such

as

working

condition,

practice

of

teaching

activities,

availability

of

human

resources,

job

satisfaction,

school

administration

and

management,

availability

of

physical

facilities,

mainte



nance

of

school

record,

vision

of

teachers

for

good

teaching,

assignment

of

homework,

planning

of

co-

curricular

activities,

perfbrmance

of

students,

parents

and

students

satisfactions

as

measures

of

perfbrmance.

Until

now

no

single

study

related

to

the

above

concept

in

AJ&K

has

been

conducted

and

hence

the

current

research

effort

appears

to

be

a

landmark

in

the

evaluation

of

public

and

private

school

systems.

1.6

Research

Questions

The

research

work

attempted

to

answer

the

whether

the

existing

situation

of

public

and

private

sector

schools

in

AJ&K

are

up

to

the

bare

minimum

level

as

education

provider?

In

addition,

the

study

emphasized

on

performance

gap

of

private

and

public

sector

schools

as

well

as

to

deter



mine

key

factors

in

this

context

that

can

be

taken

into

account

to

enhance

the

perfbrmance

of

schools.

The

other

important

question

was

how

crucial

is

the

role

of

principals

and

teachers

in

making

overall

performance

of

school

teachers

better?

Finally

parents

and

students

were

evaluat



ed

to

find

out

any

significant

difference

between

satisfaction

levels

of

public

and

private

sector

schools.

6

Chapter

1

Introduction

and

Background

Information

1.7

Main

Question

Is

there

any

significant

difference

in

performance

of

public

and

private

sectors

schools

in

term

of

availability

of

human

resources,

job

satisfaction,

school

administration

and

management,

availability

of

physical

facilities,

maintenance

of

school

record,

assignment

of

homework,

plan



ning

of

co-

curricular

activities,

performance

of

students,

parents

and

students

satisfactions

?

1

・8

Hypotheses

of

the

Study

Null

hypothesizes

were

constructed

to

judge

the

finding

of

study.

HOI:

There

is

no

significant

difference

in

academic

and

professional

qualification

of

public

and

primary

school

teachers.

HO2;

There

is

no

significant

difference

between

two

groups

of

public

and

private

sector

schools

in

term

of

availability

of

human

and

material

resources

HO3:

There

is

no

difference

between

academic

outcomes

of

students.

HO4:

There

is

no

difference

in

performance

of

public

and

private

student's

according

to

percep



tion

of

stakeholders.

HO5:

There

is

no

significance

difference

in

both

type

of

schools

in

term

,

job

satisfaction^

school

administration

and

management,

availability

of

physical

facilities,

maintenance

of

school

record,

assignment

of

homework,

planning

of

co-

curricular

activities,

perfor



mance

of

students,

parents

and

students

satisfactions.

HO6:

There

is

no

significant

difference

in

parent's

satis

伦

ction

towards

the

performance

of

pub



lic

and

private

school.

HO7:

There

is

no

significant

difference

in

satisfaction

of

public

and

private

schooFs

students.

1

・9

Theoretical

Framework

This

study

has

conducted

in

depth

analysis

and

review

of

related

literature

published

worldwide.

The

information

derived

from

of

literature

enabled

the

researcher

to

assess

that

performance

evaluation

at

school

level

depends

upon

variety

of

factors.

Studies

have

pointed

out

that

numer



ous

factors

are

closely

associated

to

gage

the

performance

divided

into

human

and

material

re



sources.

These

two

resources

combine

to

form

a

healthy

and

safe

environment

where

the

activi



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