GCC编译器使用手册（Linux下C/C++开发必备）

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GCC manual GCC 是 GNU Compiler Collection 的缩写，指的是 GNU 编译器集合，是一个自由和开源的编译器套件，用于将 C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran 等语言编译成机器代码。GCC manual 是 GCC 的官方手册，提供了 GCC 的使用指南、选项、参数、示例代码等详细信息。 GCC 的历史可以追溯到 1987 年，Richard Stallman 创立了 GNU 项目，旨在创建一个自由的操作系统。GCC 是 GNU 项目的核心组件之一，于 1988 年首次发布。自那时以来，GCC 一直在不断发展和改进，成为今天的 GCC。 GCC 的主要特点包括： * 跨平台支持：GCC 可以在多种操作系统上编译和运行，包括 Linux、Windows、Mac OS 等。 * 多语言支持：GCC 支持多种编程语言，包括 C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran 等。 * 高度可定制：GCC 提供了大量的选项和参数，允许用户根据需要进行自定义。 * 开源和免费：GCC 是一个开源的软件，免费提供给用户使用。 GCC manual 中提供了详细的使用指南，包括： * Getting Started：GCC 的基本使用方法和选项。 * Invoking GCC：GCC 的命令行选项和参数。 * C Extensions：GCC 对 C 语言的扩展和特性。 * C++ Extensions：GCC 对 C++ 语言的扩展和特性。 * Objective-C Extensions：GCC 对 Objective-C 语言的扩展和特性。 * Fortran Extensions：GCC 对 Fortran 语言的扩展和特性。 * Debugging Options：GCC 的调试选项和参数。 * Optimize Options：GCC 的优化选项和参数。 * Warning Options：GCC 的警告选项和参数。 * Preprocessor Options：GCC 的预处理器选项和参数。 GCC manual 还提供了许多示例代码和实践经验，帮助用户更好地使用 GCC。在 Linux 平台上，GCC 是一个非常重要的工具，广泛应用于软件开发、编译和调试中。GCC manual 是一个非常有价值的资源，提供了 GCC 的详细信息和使用指南，帮助用户更好地使用 GCC。 GCC manual 是一个非常重要的资源，对于任何一个 C 或 C++ 开发者来说都是必读的。它提供了 GCC 的详细信息和使用指南，帮助用户更好地使用 GCC，提高开发效率和质量。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no technical diﬀerences between these publications, although the s ec tions of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c90’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options C ontrolling C Dialect], page 29.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to rec eive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has incomplete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.7/c99status.html for details. To se lect this standard, use

‘-std=c99’ or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

A fourth version of the C standard, known as C11, was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC

9899:2011. GCC has limited incomplete support for parts of this standard, enabled with

‘-std=c11’ or ‘-std=iso9899:2011’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C1X.)

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare occasions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 309.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also select an extended version of the C lan-

guage explicitly with ‘-std=gnu90’ (for C90 with GNU extensions), ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99

with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu11’ (for C11 with GNU extensions). The default, if

no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu90’; this will change to ‘-std=gnu99’

or ‘-std=gnu11’ in some future release when the C99 or C11 support is complete. Some

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

features that are part of the C99 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and

some features that are part of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99

modes.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

also those in <iso646.h>; since C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>; and since

C11, also those in <stdalign.h> and <stdnoreturn.h>. In addition, complex types, added

in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The standard also deﬁnes two

environments for programs, a frees tanding environment, required of all implementations and

which may not have library facilities beyond those required of freestanding implementations,

where the handling of program startup and termination are implementation-deﬁned, and a

hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the library facilities are provided

and startup is through a function int main (void) or int main (int, char *[]). An OS

kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program using the facilities of an operating

system would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 29.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations; to use the facilities

of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in the GNU C

library). See Section 11.6 [Standard Libraries], page 668.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is used, and the target do es not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will e mit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, se e http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for

the second ISO C++ standard (2011).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, res pe ctively. GCC implements the m ajority

of C++98 (export is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select

this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c++98’, or ‘-std=c++03’; to

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