C# 2010编程指南：从入门到精通

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"C#2010从入门到精通" 是一本专注于C#编程语言的教程，由John Sharp撰写，旨在帮助初学者逐步掌握C#的各项核心技术。这本书由Microsoft Press出版，是学习C#的关键参考资料，适用于希望通过系统学习成为熟练C#开发者的读者。在C#2010中，有几个核心知识点是本书可能会详细讲解的： 1. **基础语法**：C#的基础包括变量、数据类型、控制流（如if语句、for循环、while循环）、函数和方法的定义与调用等。这些是所有编程语言的基础，对于初学者来说至关重要。 2. **面向对象编程**：C#是一种完全面向对象的语言，会涵盖类、对象、封装、继承、多态等概念。理解和掌握这些将帮助开发者构建复杂的软件结构。 3. **泛型**：C#中的泛型允许创建可重用的类型安全的数据结构，这在编写高效代码时非常有用。 4. **LINQ（Language Integrated Query）**：C#2010引入了强大的查询语言特性，允许开发者以更直观的方式处理数据。理解并运用LINQ可以提高代码的可读性和效率。 5. **异步编程**：C#2010开始支持异步编程模型，如`async`和`await`关键字，这对于处理I/O密集型任务或网络请求非常关键，能有效提升程序的响应速度。 6. **事件和委托**：C#中的事件和委托是实现组件之间通信的重要机制，通常在UI编程和事件驱动的架构中使用。 7. **.NET Framework**：C#是.NET Framework的一部分，因此理解.NET Framework的基本结构和类库对开发C#应用至关重要。 8. **Windows Forms和WPF**：书中可能包含如何使用C#创建桌面应用程序的教程，包括Windows Forms和Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)的应用程序开发。 9. **ASP.NET**：对于Web开发，C#2010可以用于构建ASP.NET应用程序，学习如何创建动态网页和Web服务。 10. **错误处理和调试**：良好的错误处理和调试技巧是任何开发者必备的技能，C#提供了丰富的异常处理机制和强大的Visual Studio调试工具。 11. **单元测试**：C#支持多种单元测试框架，如NUnit和MSTest，学习如何编写和执行单元测试对于保证代码质量非常重要。通过这本书的学习，读者将能够掌握C#2010的语法特性和最佳实践，了解如何利用这些技术构建实际项目。此外，书中可能还会涉及版本更新的内容，比如C#2010相较于之前版本的新特性，帮助读者保持技术的最新性。最后，配合微软的Visual Studio IDE，学习C#将变得更加直观和高效。

Table of Contents xv

Part VI Building Professional Solutions with

Visual Studio 2010

27 Introducing the Task Parallel Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Why Perform Multitasking by Using Parallel Processing?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600

The Rise of the Multicore Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Implementing Multitasking in a Desktop Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Tasks, Threads, and the ThreadPool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Creating, Running, and Controlling Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604

Using the Task Class to Implement Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608

Abstracting Tasks by Using the Parallel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Returning a Value from a Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Using Tasks and User Interface Threads Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Canceling Tasks and Handling Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

The Mechanics of Cooperative Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Handling Task Exceptions by Using the AggregateException Class . . . . 641

Using Continuations with Canceled and Faulted Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645

Chapter 27 Quick Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646

28 Performing Parallel Data Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Using PLINQ to Parallelize Declarative Data Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Using PLINQ to Improve Performance While Iterating Through a

Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Specifying Options for a PLINQ Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

Canceling a PLINQ Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Synchronizing Concurrent Imperative Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Locking Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Synchronization Primitives in the Task Parallel Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Cancellation and the Synchronization Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668

The Concurrent Collection Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668

Using a Concurrent Collection and a Lock to Implement

Thread-Safe Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Chapter 28 Quick Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

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xvii

Acknowledgments

An oft-repeated fable is that the workmen who paint the Forth Railway Bridge, a large

Victorian cantilever structure that spans the Firth of Forth just north of Edinburgh, have a

job for life. According to the myth, it takes them several years to paint it from one end to

the other, and when they have ﬁnished they have to start over again. I am not sure whether

this is due to the ferocity of the Scottish weather, or the sensitivity of the paint that is used,

although my daughter insists it is simply that the members of Edinburgh City Council have

yet to decide on a color scheme that they really like for the bridge. I sometimes feel that this

book has similar attributes. No sooner have I completed an edition and seen it published,

then Microsoft announces another cool update for Visual Studio and C#, and my friends at

Microsoft Press contact me and say, “What are your plans for the next edition?” However,

unlike painting the Forth Railway Bridge, working on a new edition of this text is always an

enjoyable task with a lot more scope for inventiveness than trying to work out new ways

to hold a paint brush. There is always something novel to learn and innovative technology

to play with. In this edition, I cover the new features of C# 4.0 and the .NET Framework 4.0,

which developers will ﬁnd invaluable for building applications that can take advantage of the

increasingly powerful hardware now becoming available. Hence, although this work appears

to be a never-ending task, it is always fruitful and pleasurable.

A large part of the enjoyment when working on a project such as this is the opportunity to

collaborate with a highly motivated group of talented people within Microsoft Press, the

developers at Microsoft working on Visual Studio 2010, and the people who review each

chapter and make suggestions for various improvements. I would especially like to single out

Rosemary Caperton and Stephen Sagman who have worked tirelessly to keep the project

on track, to Per Blomqvist who reviewed (and corrected) each chapter, and to Roger LeBlanc

who had the thankless task of copy-editing the manuscript and converting my prose into

English. I must also make special mention of Michael Blome who provided me with early

access to software and answered the many questions that I had concerning the Task Parallal

Library. Several members of Content Master were kept gainfully employed reviewing and

testing the code for the exercises—thanks Mike Sumsion, Chris Cully, James Millar, and Louisa

Perry. Of course, I must additionally thank Jon Jagger who co-authored the ﬁrst edition of

this book with me back in 2001.

Last but by no means least, I must thank my family. My wife Diana is a wonderful source

of inspiration. When writing Chapter 28 on the Task Parallel Library I had a mental block

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xix

Introduction

Microsoft Visual C# is a powerful but simple language aimed primarily at developers creating

applications by using the Microsoft .NET Framework. It inherits many of the best features of

C++ and Microsoft Visual Basic, but few of the inconsistencies and anachronisms, resulting

in a cleaner and more logical language. C# 1.0 made its public debut in 2001. The advent of

C# 2.0 with Visual Studio 2005 saw several important new features added to the language,

including Generics, Iterators, and anonymous methods. C# 3.0 which was released with

Visual Studio 2008, added extension methods, lambda expressions, and most famously of

all, the Language Integrated Query facility, or LINQ. The latest incarnation of the language,

C# 4.0, provides further enhancements that improve its interoperability with other languages

and technologies. These features include support for named and optional arguments, the

dynamic type which indicates that the language runtime should implement late binding for

an object, and variance which resolves some issues in the way in which generic interfaces are

deﬁned. C# 4.0 takes advantage of the latest version of the .NET Framework, also version

4.0. There are many additions to the .NET Framework in this release, but arguably the most

signiﬁcant are the classes and types that constitute the Task Parallel Library (TPL). Using the

TPL, you can now build highly scalable applications that can take full advantage of multi-core

processors quickly and easily. The support for Web services and Windows Communication

Foundation (WCF) has also been extended; you can now build services that follow the REST

model as well as the more traditional SOAP scheme.

The development environment provided by Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 makes all these

powerful features easy to use, and the many new wizards and enhancements included in

Visual Studio 2010 can greatly improve your productivity as a developer.

Who This Book Is For

This book assumes that you are a developer who wants to learn the fundamentals of

programming with C# by using Visual Studio 2010 and the .NET Framework version 4.0. In

this book, you will learn the features of the C# language, and then use them to build applica-

tions running on the Microsoft Windows operating system. By the time you complete this

book, you will have a thorough understanding of C# and will have used it to build Windows

Presentation Foundation applications, access Microsoft SQL Server databases by using ADO.

NET and LINQ, build responsive and scalable applications by using the TPL, and create REST

and SOAP Web services by using WCF.

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