TMS320C6x DSP实时控制中MATLAB到C的数字信号处理指南

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《实时控制中的数字信号处理：MATLAB到C语言与TMS320C6x DSP》第三版是一本专为IT工程师和研究者撰写的实用指南，它详细介绍了如何在实时控制环境中有效地将MATLAB这一强大的数学软件工具与TI公司的TMS320C6x系列数字信号处理器(DSP)结合，进行信号处理工作。该书由Thad B. Welch、Cameron H. Wright和Michael G. Morrow三位作者共同编写，他们在各自的大学担任教职，具有丰富的教学和实践经验。本书的核心内容包括以下几个方面： 1. **实时数字信号处理基础**：首先，读者会了解到实时数字信号处理的基本概念，如采样理论、滤波器设计、频域分析和时域分析等，这些都是在实际应用中进行信号控制的基础。 2. **MATLAB编程介绍**：作者会深入浅出地讲解如何使用MATLAB进行数字信号处理的开发，包括信号的生成、变换、分析和可视化，以便用户快速熟悉这款软件在信号处理中的强大功能。 3. **C语言编程与DSP接口**：书中重点阐述了如何将MATLAB的算法移植到C语言，因为C语言是TMS320C6x DSP平台的标准编程语言，这对于硬件性能优化和降低延迟至关重要。作者会指导读者如何进行代码优化，以实现高效的实时处理。 4. **TMS320C6x DSP技术**：这部分内容涵盖了TMS320C6x DSP系列的特点、架构以及编程接口，包括C/C++编译器、中断处理、流水线操作等，使读者能够充分利用这些处理器的特性进行高效实时处理。 5. **案例研究与实战项目**：书中提供了一系列实际项目，通过逐步引导读者完成从MATLAB到C代码的转换，以及在TMS320C6x DSP上的部署，让读者在实践中掌握所学知识。 6. **性能评估与调试**：讨论了如何测量和优化代码的性能，以及如何有效地调试实时系统的常见问题，确保系统能够在实际应用中稳定运行。《实时控制中的数字信号处理：MATLAB到C语言与TMS320C6x DSP》不仅是一本理论教材，还提供了宝贵的实践经验和技巧，帮助读者跨越MATLAB和硬件编程之间的鸿沟，提升在实时控制领域的能力。无论是在教育机构还是工业界，这本书都是数字信号处理专业人员不可或缺的参考资源。

CONTENTS xv

13 Project 4: Peak Program Meter 225

13.1Theory....................................... 225

13.2winDSKDemonstration:commDSK ...................... 226

13.3MATLABImplementation............................ 226

13.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 227

13.4.1 ExamplePPMCode........................... 227

13.4.2 DSKLEDControl ............................ 229

13.4.3 AnotherPPMCodeVersion....................... 229

13.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 230

14 Project 5: Adaptive Filters 231

14.1Theory....................................... 231

14.1.1 A Problem Solved by Adaptive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

14.1.2 TheLMSAdpativeFilter ........................ 233

14.2winDSK8Demonstration ............................ 234

14.3MATLABImplementation............................ 234

14.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 237

14.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 238

15 Project 6: AM Transmitters 241

15.1Theory....................................... 241

15.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 244

15.3MATLABImplementation............................ 244

15.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 246

15.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 248

16 Project 7: AM Receivers 249

16.1Theory....................................... 249

16.1.1 EnvelopeDetector ............................ 250

16.1.2 The Hilbert-Based AM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

16.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 259

16.3MATLABImplementation............................ 260

16.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 261

16.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 263

17 Project 8: Phase-Locked Loop 265

17.1Theory....................................... 265

17.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 266

17.3MATLABImplementation............................ 266

17.3.1 PLLSimulation.............................. 266

17.3.2 A Few Updates to the MATLAB Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 272

17.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 275

17.4.1 ComponentsofthePLL......................... 275

17.4.2 SystemTesting.............................. 278

17.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 278

18 Project 9: BPSK Digital Transmitters 281

18.1Theory....................................... 281

18.1.1 RandomDataandSymbolGeneration................. 281

18.1.2 BPSK Using Antipodal Rectangularly Shaped Bits . . . . . . . . . . 283

18.1.3 BPSK Using Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine Shaped Bits . . . . 283

xvi CONTENTS

18.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 284

18.2.1 commDSK:UnﬁlteredBPSK ...................... 285

18.2.2 commDSK: Raised-Cosine Filtered BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

18.3MATLABImplementation............................ 289

18.3.1 Rectangular Shaped BPSK Signal Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

18.3.2 Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine BPSK Signal Generator . . . . . 291

18.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 295

18.4.1 A Rectangular Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . 295

18.4.2 A Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . 296

18.4.3 SummaryofReal-TimeCode ...................... 298

18.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 298

19 Project 10: BPSK Digital Receivers 301

19.1Theory....................................... 301

19.1.1 The Output of the Matched Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

19.1.2 TheEye-Pattern ............................. 304

19.1.3 MaximumLikelihoodTimingRecovery ................ 305

19.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 307

19.3MATLABImplementation............................ 308

19.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 311

19.4.1 Components of the Digital Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.4.2 SystemTesting.............................. 316

19.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 318

20 Project 11: MPSK and QAM Digital Transmitters 319

20.1Theory....................................... 319

20.1.1 I-andQ-BasedTransmitters ...................... 319

20.1.2 AFewConstellationDiagrams ..................... 321

20.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 324

20.2.1 commDSK: Root-Raised-Cosine Filtered QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

20.3MATLABImplementation............................ 328

20.3.1 Impulse Modulated Root-Raised-Cosine QPSK Signal Generator . . 328

20.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 332

20.4.1 A Root-Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . 332

20.4.2 A More Eﬃcient RRC Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . 334

20.4.3 SummaryofReal-TimeCode ...................... 337

20.5Higher-OrderModulationSchemes ....................... 337

20.6Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 338

21 Project 12: QPSK Digital Receivers 339

21.1Theory....................................... 339

21.2winDSK8Demonstration ............................ 343

21.3MATLABImplementation............................ 343

21.3.1 ThroughtheAGC ............................ 343

21.3.2 ACompleteQPSKReceiver....................... 346

21.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 351

21.4.1 ThroughtheAGC ............................ 352

21.4.2 ACompleteQPSKReceiver....................... 356

21.4.3 SystemTesting.............................. 362

21.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 364

CONTENTS xvii

Section III: Appendices 365

A Code Composer Studio: An Overview 367

A.1 Introduction.................................... 367

A.2 StartingCodeComposerStudio......................... 367

A.3 Conclusion .................................... 368

B DSP/BIOS 371

B.1 Introduction.................................... 371

B.1.1 DSP/BIOSMajorFeatures ....................... 371

B.1.2 DSP/BIOSThreads ........................... 371

B.2 DSP/BIOSSampleProjects........................... 372

C Numeric Representations 373

C.1 Endianness .................................... 373

C.2 IntegerRepresentations ............................. 374

C.3 IntegerDivisionandRounding ......................... 375

C.4 Floating-PointRepresentations ......................... 376

C.5 Fixed-PointRepresentations........................... 379

C.6 SummaryofNumericRepresentations ..................... 380

D TMS320C6x Architecture 383

D.1 ComputerArchitectureBasics.......................... 383

D.1.1 InstructionSetArchitecture....................... 384

D.1.2 RegisterArchitectures .......................... 384

D.1.3 MemoryArchitectures.......................... 385

D.1.4 Fetch-ExecuteModel........................... 386

D.1.5 Pipelining................................. 386

D.1.6 Single-versusMultiple-Issue ...................... 389

D.1.7 Scheduling ................................ 389

D.2 TMS320C671xArchitecture........................... 390

D.2.1 MemorySystem ............................. 392

D.2.2 PipelineandScheduling ......................... 393

D.2.3 Peripherals ................................ 394

D.2.4 HostPortInterface............................ 394

D.3 TMS320C674xArchitecture........................... 394

E Related Tools for DSKs 397

E.1 Introduction.................................... 397

E.2 WindowsControlApplications ......................... 397

E.2.1 Sample Windows Control Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

E.3 MATLABExports ................................ 398

E.3.1 Exporting Direct-Form II Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

E.3.2 Exporting Second-Order Section Implementations . . . . . . . . . . 399

E.4 MATLABReal-TimeInterface ......................... 400

F Using the Code Generator with MATLAB 401

F.1 Introduction.................................... 401

F.2 AnFIRFilterExample ............................. 401

F.2.1 BeforeUsingtheMATLABCoder ................... 401

F.2.2 UsingtheMATLABCoder ....................... 403

F.2.3 TransferringtoaCCSProject ..................... 408

List of Figures

1.1 TheOMAP-L138LCDK............................. 6

1.2 An annotated picture of the OMAP-L138 LCDK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 TheOMAP-L138ExperimenterKit. ..................... 8

1.4 TheC6713DSK. ................................ 8

1.5 The HPI interface board on the C6713 DSK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 AgenericDSPsystem.............................. 18

2.2 Atalk-throughsystem.............................. 18

2.3 The main winDSK8

userinterface........................ 19

2.4 winDSK8 running the Talk-Thru application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.5 Varioustypesofaudiomini-plugs........................ 20

2.6 The Sound Recorder program included in various versions of Windows. . . 22

2.7 A freely available sound recorder program called Audacity. . . . . . . . . . 23

2.8 MATLAB command window with the help pull-down menu open. . . . . . 25

2.9 MATLABinterfacetothePCsoundcard. .................. 27

2.10 Simulink model of a PC-based talk-through system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.11 Block parameters from the wave device in Figure 2.10. . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.12 Click on the start simulation icon on the Simulink toolbar. . . . . . . . . . 29

3.1 A summary of the continuous-time and discrete-time notation. . . . . . . . 34

3.2 Block diagram associated with the implementation of an FIR ﬁlter. . . . . 36

3.3 winDSK8 running the Graphic Equalizer application. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.4 Block diagram associated with winDSK8’s Graphic Equalizer application. . 37

3.5 Frequency response of winDSK8’s 5-band Graphic Equalizer application. . 37

3.6 winDSK8 running the Notch Filter application with r =0. ......... 38

3.7 The frequency response of four diﬀerent notch ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.8 winDSK8 running the Audio Eﬀects application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.9 Theblockdiagramoftheﬂangingeﬀect.................... 40

3.10 Theblockdiagramofthechoruseﬀect..................... 40

3.11 Stem plot of the ﬁltering of x with B. .................... 42

3.12 Magnitude of the frequency response for MA ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.13 Filtered and unﬁltered closing values of the NASDAQ composite index. . . 44

3.14 One method of listening to the unﬁltered and ﬁltered audio signals. . . . . 49

3.15 The MATLAB FDATo ol for designing digital ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.16 The linear memory concept with static memory location labeling. . . . . . 52

3.17 Staticcircularbuﬀerconcept. ......................... 53

3.18 Dynamiccircularbuﬀerconcept. ....................... 53

4.1 Schematic for a continuous-time (analog) ﬁrst-order RC ﬁlter........ 57

xix

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