CMOS Sigma-Delta 转换器实用设计指南

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"CMOS SIGMA-DELTA CONVERTERS - A Practical Design Guide by José M. de la Rosa and Rocío del Río, University of Seville, Spain." 本书是关于CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体）ΣΔ（sigma-delta）转换器设计的实用指南，由西班牙塞维利亚大学的José M. de la Rosa和Rocío del Río合著。ΣΔ调制器在现代数字信号处理中起着关键作用，特别是在模拟到数字转换器（ADC）的设计中。ADC是电子系统中的重要组成部分，负责将连续的模拟信号转化为离散的数字信号，广泛应用于通信、音频处理、医疗设备和工业自动化等领域。 ΣΔ转换器的工作原理基于过度采样和噪声整形的概念，它能够通过高阶调制将低分辨率的内核转换器转化为具有高分辨率和低噪声性能的系统。这种转换器的结构通常包括一个连续时间的ΣΔ调制器和一个数字滤波器。调制器将输入信号转换为高频率的数字序列，然后通过数字滤波器下采样，以提取所需的输出位流。书中的内容可能涵盖了以下主题： 1. ΣΔ转换器的基本概念：解释了ΣΔ调制的工作原理，包括单级和多级架构的差异，以及如何实现高信噪比（SNR）和动态范围。 2. 设计考虑因素：探讨了影响ΣΔ转换器性能的各种因素，如电源抑制比（PSRR）、共模抑制比（CMRR）和线性度等。 3. 模拟前端（AFE）设计：详述了输入放大器、采样保持电路和低通滤波器（LPF）在整体系统中的角色和设计挑战。 4. 数字后端处理：介绍了数字滤波器的设计，包括IIR和FIR滤波器的选择，以及优化滤波器性能的方法。 5. CMOS工艺的影响：讨论了使用不同CMOS工艺对ΣΔ转换器性能的影响，包括晶体管尺寸、电源电压和噪声特性。 6. 实验案例和设计工具：书中可能包含实际设计案例，展示如何使用特定工具进行ADC设计和仿真，以帮助读者理解和应用理论知识。 7. 能效和功耗优化：在便携式和电池供电设备中，ADC的能效和功耗至关重要，书中的内容可能涵盖了这方面的策略。 8. 测试与验证：介绍如何对设计进行测试和验证，以确保其符合规格和性能要求。这本书为那些希望深入理解并设计CMOS ΣΔ ADC的工程师和学生提供了一本宝贵的资源，不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了实践经验，使读者能够掌握从系统层面进行设计的关键技能。通过阅读此书，读者将能够更有效地构建和优化自己的ΣΔ ADC设计方案。

Preface

Sigma-Delta modulators (Ms) have become one of the best choices for the implemen-

tation of analog/digital interfaces integrated in CMOS technologies. Compared to other

kinds of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), Ms cover the widest conversion region

of the resolution-versus-bandwidth plane, being the most efﬁcient solution to digitize very

diverse types of signals in an increasing number of application scenarios, which span from

high-resolution low-bandwidth data conversion (like digital audio, sensor interfaces, and

instrumentation) to ultra-low power biomedical systems and medium-resolution broad-

band wireless communications. This versatility, together with their robustness and their

simplicity in many practical situations, has motivated that more and more engineers today

consider Ms as a ﬁrst choice for their research projects and their industrial products.

The ﬁrst idea underlying the operation of Ms was patented by Cutler in 1960 [1],

although its application to the construction of data converters was ﬁrst reported in the

published literature by Inose et al in 1962 [2]. The operation of Ms is relatively simple

to describe, although sometimes difﬁcult to analyze. Essentially, the fundamental principle

behind Ms is based on the combination of two signal processing techniques, namely

oversampling and quantization noise shaping. The former consists of taking the signal

samples at a higher rate than the one dictated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. These

samples are commonly quantized with a large error by using a low-resolution quantizer.

The resulting oversampled quantization error is ﬁltered in the modulator feedback loop,

so that its frequency spectrum is shaped in such a way that a large portion of its power

is pushed out of the signal band, where it is removed by a digital ﬁlter. The outcome of

the combined action of oversampling and noise shaping allows Ms to achieve a high-

precision digitization by using a low-resolution coarse quantizer. Therefore, unlike other

kinds of ADC architectures that require high-precision analog circuits, Ms trade the

accuracy of their analog circuitry by the speed of digital signal processing, thus achieving

a higher degree of insensitivity to circuit error mechanisms and potentially beneﬁting

from CMOS technology evolution towards the nanometer scale.

Prompted by the mentioned beneﬁts and fueled by technology downscaling and industry

trends in consumer digital electronics, the original concept of noise shaping described

above has evolved over the last ﬁve decades through many M generations, giving

rise to a pleiad of architectures, circuit and system design techniques, and a number

of Integrated Circuits (ICs), which have pushed the state-of-the-art on Ms forward,

yielding to innovative research results and successful industry products. All these advances

and research works have lead (and continue doing so) to a vast amount of technical

xxii Preface

literature. Indeed, since the publication of pioneer works like the widely cited papers

written by Candy [3, 4] and Boser and Wooley [5], the number of publications has

increased signiﬁcantly including hundreds of patents, thousands of research papers, some

tutorial papers [6– 8], as well as tens of introductory and specialized monographs [9–29].

However, with so much material and abundance of technical information published, many

designers—particularly novel designers and also some experienced designers focused on

a speciﬁc subtopic of Ms—may become disoriented and lost. This has motivated

some authors to put all these pieces of information together in a comprehensive and

systematic way.

Apart from the earlier books aiming to catalogue the existing publications on Ms

[9], one of the ﬁrst attempts to present a guide for M designers is the book edited by

Norsworthy et al in 1997 [10], also known as “the yellow book” by the M community.

This book deals with a number of important subjects in Ms and it was contributed by

a number of experts in the ﬁeld, thus making it more difﬁcult to present its contents in

a coherent and consistent way. With this objective in mind, some authors have put their

effort on writing tutorial monographs dealing with the systematic design of Ms.

Among others, the book written by Schreier and Temes, published in 2005 [21], often

named “the green book”, has become one of the most popular books on  converters.

This book provides an excellent and comprehensive treatment of Ms, their operat-

ing principles, and main architectures, presenting several design examples constructed

using the well-known Schreier’s MATLAB toolbox [30]. Although some examples of

continuous-time (CT) circuit implementations are given, the book mainly focuses on

system-level description, considering a switched-capacitor (SC) implementation. Some

other remarkable examples are the book written by Medeiro et al in 1999 [13]—focused

on the systematic design of SC Ms—and the book of Ortmanns and Gerfers [22]

published in 2006, which is still one of the most complete monographs on CT Ms

reported to date. All these books, as well as other monographs reported in the technical

literature, give a partial view of Ms, paying more attention to some particular aspects

of the design of Ms, and/or a type of architecture, circuit technique, or application.

In this scenario, this book attempts to cover some of these knowledge gaps, by providing

a broader and systematic description of the universe of Ms, their diverse types of

architectures, circuit techniques, analysis and synthesis methods and CAD tools, as well

as their practical design considerations. From this perspective, the book has a twofold

purpose. First, it constitutes a unique monograph that results from compiling the enormous

number of technical and research works reported to date on the topic of Ms, and

presents the results of such a compilation in a didactical, pedagogical, and intuitive style.

The second main objective and a key feature of this book is to serve as a practical guide

for designers, putting emphasis on explaining practical design issues involved in the whole

design ﬂow of Ms: from speciﬁcations to chip implementation and characterization.

To this end, a top-down approach is followed, presenting the contents in a hierarchical

way; that is, going from theoretical fundamentals, system-level design equations, and

behavioral models to circuit, transistor-level, and physical implementation, in order to

provide readers the necessary understanding and insight into the recent advances, trends,

and challenges involved in the design of state-of-the-art ICs.

Indeed, it is the top-down approach adopted in this book that inspires the hierarchical

way in which the contents are organized. Thus, following this introduction, Chapter 1

Preface xxiii

begins from top, giving an introductory survey of Ms, their principles of operation,

fundamental architectures, analysis and synthesis methods, as well as a taxonomical

description of the diverse variety of practical M topologies, the nature of signal

(low-pass and band-pass), as well as the dynamics involved (either discrete-time or

continuous-time). In this chapter Ms are considered ideal systems, except for their

inherent quantization error. Chapter 2 descends one level in the modulator hierarchy to

analyze the effect of main circuit error mechanisms as well as architectural and timing

nonidealities, considered in both SC and CT circuit implementations. The mathematical

models, analytical procedures, and design guidelines described in this chapter provide suf-

ﬁcient understanding of the main practical problems affecting the performance of Ms

in practice.

The knowledge derived from the ﬁrst two chapters is presented in this book as an

essential part of the systematic top-down/bottom-up synthesis methodology of Ms,

that is described in Chapter 3. This chapter analyzes different strategies for the high-level

modeling and simulation of Ms, focusing on the so-called behavioral modeling and

simulation techniques. A step-by-step procedure to develop efﬁcient behavioral models

in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is described and illustrated with a number of

examples of the main M building-block models. As an application, a time-domain

behavioral simulator named SIMSIDES, is described and applied to the high-level sizing

and veriﬁcation of some case studies. The contents of this chapter are extended and

complemented in Appendixes A and B. Appendix A gives a more complete user guide of

SIMSIDES and Appendix B provides an overview of all behavioral models and libraries

included in this simulator.

Chapter 4 moves farther down from the system-level description given in previous

chapters to the circuit and physical level. This chapter provides a number of necessary

design recommendations and practical recipes to complete the design ﬂow of a M,

showing the step-by-step methodology to transform a behavioral-model description given

in Chapter 3 into an electrical schematic initially based on macromodels, and then imple-

mented with transistors, and ﬁnally concluding the design cycle with the layout and

chip implementation. Plenty of examples, case studies, and simulation test benches are

given to illustrate the practical issues and design considerations addressed in the chapter,

that cover from electrical analysis and simulation using SPICE-like simulators to layout

design considerations, chip prototyping, and experimental measurements of Ms in the

laboratory.

To conclude the book, Chapter 5 gives an overview of the state-of-the-art M ICs,

comparing their performance with Nyquist-rate ADCs. Overall, more than 300 state-of-

the-art IC references have been studied in detail and considered in this review, including

papers published from 1990 to June 2012. Therefore, following the practical philosophy

that inspires this book, the diverse families of state-of-the-art M architectures and cir-

cuit techniques are exhaustively analyzed and compared to extract practical and empirical

design guidelines from the statistical data, trying to identify the incoming trends, design

challenges, as well as the solutions proposed by cutting-edge ICs that are in the frontiers

of Ms.

The book contents are addressed and structured for a large audience: from senior design-

ers who want to acquire a deeper and updated insight into Ms, to nonexperienced

undergraduate students who are looking for a comprehensive, uniform, and self-contained

xxiv Preface

reference into this hot topic. Bearing this in mind, the style and main purpose of the book

is to serve also as an educational and reference textbook for undergraduate and graduate

students. Indeed, the book is based on a number of graduate courses given by the authors,

including master and doctorate degree programs, invited lectures, and IEEE conference

tutorials. All these materials have been adapted and updated so that a large portion of the

book can be also used (and indeed it has been used) in both undergraduate and graduate

courses.

However, in spite of the encyclopedic nature of the book, it is impossible to give an

exhaustive description of all the topics contained in the thousands of publications dealing

with Ms. Instead, the book tries to cover the main subtopics, providing sufﬁcient

insight to understand the other ones, that are just overviewed and sometimes even omitted.

In order to try to palliate these unavoidable deﬁciencies, an exhaustive list of speciﬁc

references is included at the end of each chapter. Overall, the book contains around 500

selected references in order to guide readers to increase their understanding of the diverse

research topics dealing with the  world.

The huge amount of information contained in the book is complemented and updated

with a number of electronic resources, that have been prepared by the authors and are

freely available on the Web. To this purpose, all the data analyzed in the state-of-the-art

survey presented in Chapter 5 have been collected in a spreadsheet, which is available

at http://www.imse-cnm.csic.es/∼jrosa/CMOS-SDMs-Survey-IMSE-JMdelaRosa.xlsx.

This database is periodically kept up to date and aims to be a complement to the

popular Murmann’s ADC survey data collection [31]. In addition, a fully functional

version of the time-domain behavioral simulator SIMSIDES is freely available on

demand at http://www.imse-cnm.csic.es/simsides. The simulator includes a number of

examples, containing the case studies presented in the book and many more examples

and demos. Apart from the SIMSIDES software, the majority of examples and test

benches of different CAD tools used throughout the book are also available on the Web

at www.wiley.com/go/delarosa_converters.

Last but not least, it is important to mention that the aforementioned web sites will be

regularly updated with new pieces of information and updated material related to the state-

of-the-art M ICs, SIMSIDES examples and demos, as well as new inputs provided

by us and hopefully by our readers. Therefore, your feedback is very important and very

welcomed!

We hope that you enjoy reading this book as much as we have enjoyed writing it.

Jos

e M. de la Rosa and Roc

ıo del R

ıo

Sevilla, October 2012

References

[1] C. C. Cutler, “Transmission System Employing Quantization,” US Patent No. 2,927,962, 1960.

[2] H. Inose, Y. Yasuda, and J. Murakami, “A Telemetering System by Code Modulation—- Modulation,”

IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry, vol. 8, pp. 204– 209, September 1962.

[3] J. Candy and O. J. Benjamin, “The Structure of Quantization Noise from Sigma-Delta Modulation,” IEEE

Transactions on Communications , pp. 1316 – 1323, 1981.

[4] J. Candy, “A Use of Double Integration in Sigma-Delta Modulation,” IEEE Transactions on Communica-

tions, vol. 33, pp. 249–258, March 1985.

Preface xxv

[5] B. E. Boser and B. A. Wooley, “The Design of Sigma-Delta Modulation Analog-to-Digital Converters,”

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 23, pp. 1298–1308, December 1988.

[6] P. M. Aziz et al., “An Overview of Sigma-Delta Converters,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 13,

pp. 61 – 84, January 1996.

[7] I. Galton, “Delta-Sigma Data Conversion in Wireless Transceivers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave

Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, pp. 302–315, January 2002.

[8] J. M. de la Rosa, “Sigma-Delta Modulators: Tutorial Overview, Design Guide, and State-of-the-Art Sur-

vey,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 58, pp. 1–21, January 2011.

[9] J. Candy and G. Temes, Oversampling Delta-Sigma Data Converters: Theory, Design and Simulation,

IEEE Press, 1991.

[10] S. R. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, and G. C. Temes, Delta-Sigma Data Converters: Theory, Design and

Simulation, IEEE Press, 1997.

[11] J. Cherry and W. Snelgrove, Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for High-Speed A/D Conversion,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

[12] J. V. Engelen and R. van de Plassche, BandPass Sigma-Delta Modulators: Stability Analysis, Performance

and Design Aspects, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

[13] F. Medeiro, B. P

erez-Verd

u, and A. Rodr

ıguez-V

azquez, Top-Down Design of High-Performance Sigma-

Delta Modulators, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

[14] V. Peluso, M. Steyaert, and W. Sansen, Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D

Converters, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

[15] S. Rabii and B. A. Wooley, The Design of Low-Voltage, Low-Power Sigma-Delta Modulators, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 1999.

[16] L. Breems and J. H. Huijsing, Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulation for A/D Conversion in Radio

Receivers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

[17] Y. Geerts, M. Steyaert, and W. Sansen, Design of Multi-bit Delta-Sigma A/D Converters, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, 2002.

[18] J. M. de la Rosa, B. P

erez-Verd

u, and A. Rodr

ıguez-V

azquez, Systematic Design of CMOS Switched-

Current Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulators for Digital Communication Chips, Kluwer Academic Publish-

ers, 2002.

[19] M. Kozak and I. Kale, Oversampling Delta-Sigma Modulators, Springer, 2003.

[20] O. Bajdechi and J. Huising, Systematic Design of Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converters, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 2004.

[21] R. Schreier and G. C. Temes, Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Converters, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.

[22] M. Ortmanns and F. Gerfers, Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion: Fundamentals, Performance

Limits and Robust Implementations, Springer, 2006.

[23] K. Philips and A. H. M. van Roermund, Sigma Delta A/D Conversion for Signal Conditioning , Springer,

2006.

[24] R. del R

ıo,F.Medeiro,B.P

erez-Verd

u, J. M. de la Rosa, and A. Rodr

ıguez-V

azquez, CMOS Cascade

 Modulators for Sensors and Telecom: Error Analysis and Practical Design, Springer, 2006.

[25] L. Yao, M. Steyaert, and W. Sansen, Low-Power Low-Voltage Sigma-Delta Modulators in Nanometer

CMOS , Springer, 2006.

[26] P. G. R. Silva and J. H. Huijsing, High Resolution IF-to-Baseband  ADC for Car Radios, Springer,

2008.

[27] R. H. van Veldhoven and A. H. M. van Roermund, Robust Sigma Delta Converters, Springer, 2011.

[28] A. Morgado, R. del R

ıo, and J. M. de la Rosa, Nanometer CMOS Sigma-Delta Modulators for Software

Deﬁned Radio, Springer, 2011.

[29] E. Janssens and A. van Roermund, Look-Ahead Based Sigma-Delta Modulation, Springer, 2011.

[30] R. Schreier, The Delta-Sigma Toolbox v. 7.3. [Online]. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/

matlabcentral/ﬁleexchange/19, 2009.

[31] B. Murmann, ADC Performance Survey 1997–2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.stanford.edu/∼

murmann/adcsurvey.html, 2012.

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