CMU经典教材《深入理解计算机系统》(CSAPP2)：英文版详解

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"《深入理解计算机系统》（Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective）是由美国卡内基梅隆大学（Carnegie Mellon University）的Randal E. Bryant教授和David R. O’Hallaron教授合著的一本计算机科学经典教材。这本书是该校计算机专业入门课程《15-213：计算机系统介绍》的重要补充材料，以其深度和实用性在计算机科学教育领域享有盛誉。该书已被中国北京大学引进，反映了其在全球学术界的重要地位。本书从程序员的视角出发，系统地探讨了计算机系统的各个层面，包括硬件、操作系统、编译器、内存管理、并发与同步、网络通信以及底层编程技术等。它不仅讲解理论概念，还通过实例和实践来帮助读者理解和掌握这些复杂的概念，使学习者能够更好地构建和优化软件系统。作者们运用清晰的语言和精心设计的结构，确保了即使是对计算机科学基础知识不熟悉的人也能逐步跟上。每一章都涵盖了必要的背景知识，同时引导读者进行深入思考，鼓励他们主动探索和实验。书中穿插了大量的代码示例和练习题，旨在提高读者的动手能力和问题解决能力。此外，该书的出版商Prentice Hall，是一家全球知名的学术出版社，保证了书籍的质量和权威性。编委会由多位专业人士组成，包括编辑、营销人员和技术支持团队，共同确保教材内容的准确性和市场推广。《深入理解计算机系统》不仅是大学生和研究生学习计算机系统工程的理想教材，也是专业开发人员和研究者的参考书。它为读者提供了对现代计算机系统运作原理的全面理解，对于提升个人的技术素养和解决实际问题具有极高的价值。"

Contents xv

9.7.1 Core i7 Address Translation 800

9.7.2 Linux Virtual Memory System 803

9.8 Memory Mapping 807

9.8.1 Shared Objects Revisited 807

9.8.2 The

fork Function Revisited 809

9.8.3 The

execve Function Revisited 810

9.8.4 User-level Memory Mapping with the

mmap Function 810

9.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation 812

9.9.1 The

malloc and free Functions 814

9.9.2 Why Dynamic Memory Allocation? 816

9.9.3 Allocator Requirements and Goals 817

9.9.4 Fragmentation 819

9.9.5 Implementation Issues 820

9.9.6 Implicit Free Lists 820

9.9.7 Placing Allocated Blocks 822

9.9.8 Splitting Free Blocks 823

9.9.9 Getting Additional Heap Memory 823

9.9.10 Coalescing Free Blocks 824

9.9.11 Coalescing with Boundary Tags 824

9.9.12 Putting It Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator 827

9.9.13 Explicit Free Lists 835

9.9.14 Segregated Free Lists 836

9.10 Garbage Collection 838

9.10.1 Garbage Collector Basics 839

9.10.2 Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors 840

9.10.3 Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs 842

9.11 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs 843

9.11.1 Dereferencing Bad Pointers 843

9.11.2 Reading Uninitialized Memory 843

9.11.3 Allowing Stack Buffer Overﬂows 844

9.11.4 Assuming that Pointers and the Objects They Point to Are the

Same Size 844

9.11.5 Making Off-by-One Errors 845

9.11.6 Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object It Points to 845

9.11.7 Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic 846

9.11.8 Referencing Nonexistent Variables 846

9.11.9 Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks 847

9.11.10 Introducing Memory Leaks 847

9.12 Summary 848

Bibliographic Notes 848

Homework Problems 849

Solutions to Practice Problems 853

Preface

This book (CS:APP) is for computer scientists, computer engineers, and others

who want to be able to write better programs by learning what is going on “under

the hood” of a computer system.

Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems,

and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, perfor-

mance, and utility of your application programs. Other systems books are written

from a builder’s perspective, describing how to implement the hardware or the sys-

tems software, including the operating system, compiler, and network interface.

This book is written from a programmer’s perspective, describing how application

programmers can use their knowledge of a system to write better programs. Of

course, learning what a system is supposed to do provides a good ﬁrst step in learn-

ing how to build one, and so this book also serves as a valuable introduction to

those who go on to implement systems hardware and software.

If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to

becoming the rare “power programmer” who knows how things work and how

to ﬁx them when they break. Our aim is to present the fundamental concepts in

ways that you will ﬁnd useful right away. You will also be prepared to delve deeper,

studying such topics as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, em-

bedded systems, and networking.

Assumptions about the Reader’s Background

The presentation of machine code in the book is based on two related formats

supported by Intel and its competitors, colloquially known as “x86.” IA32 is the

machine code that has become the de facto standard for a wide range of systems.

x86-64 is an extension of IA32 to enable programs to operate on larger data and to

reference a wider range of memory addresses. Since x86-64 systems are able to run

IA32 code, both of these forms of machine code will see widespread use for the

foreseeable future. We consider how these machines execute C programs on Unix

or Unix-like (such as Linux) operating systems. (To simplify our presentation,

we will use the term “Unix” as an umbrella term for systems having Unix as

their heritage, including Solaris, Mac OS, and Linux.) The text contains numerous

programming examples that have been compiled and run on Linux systems. We

assume that you have access to such a machine and are able to log in and do simple

things such as changing directories.

If your computer runs Microsoft Windows, you have two choices. First, you

can get a copy of Linux (www.ubuntu.com) and install it as a “dual boot” option,

so that your machine can run either operating system. Alternatively, by installing

a copy of the Cygwin tools (www.cygwin.com), you can run a Unix-like shell under

xix

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