JVM规范7.0：Java SE 7官方英文版详解

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JVM规范第七版本（Java SE 7 Edition）是由James Gosling、Bill Joy、Guy Steele、Gilad Bracha和Alex Buckley共同编写的，于2012年7月27日正式发布。这一版本是Java语言规范（Java™ Language Specification，简称JSR-000901）的最终发布，适用于JDK 7，旨在定义和规范Java语言的行为和执行环境。该规范的核心内容包括了Java语言的设计原则、语法规则、类加载机制、内存管理（如堆、栈和方法区）、垃圾收集算法、并发模型（如Java线程模型和并发集合框架）、异常处理机制、以及与平台无关的接口和API。Java SE 7版本在性能优化和安全特性上有所增强，例如引入了对NIO.2（New I/O 2.0）的支持，提高了网络I/O的效率，以及对安全相关的加强，如JSSE（Java Secure Socket Extension）的增强。对于开发人员来说，理解并遵循JVM规范第七版本至关重要，因为它是编写Java代码的基础，确保了代码的可移植性和兼容性。开发者需要熟知类的装载过程、对象的创建与销毁机制、内存分配策略，以及如何利用并发API实现多线程程序。此外，对于Java应用程序的性能调优，如了解JVM垃圾回收算法的工作原理，以及如何避免内存泄漏，都是在这个版本规范中深入学习的内容。许可条款方面，Oracle提供了非独家、不可转让的世界范围内的有限评估许可，允许用户仅限于内部评价目的，例如开发不实现规范部分的应用程序、与第三方讨论规范，以及在讨论文档中引用少量规范内容。然而，这些权利不得用于商业用途或再授权。 JVM规范第七版本是Java程序员和架构师的必备参考，它详细规定了Java语言的运作机制，为开发高质量、高性能和安全的Java应用奠定了基石。掌握这一规范对于提升编程技能和维护代码的稳定性具有重要意义。

The Java™ Language Specification

xii

15.12.2.4 Phase 3: Identify Applicable Variable Arity

Methods 462

15.12.2.5 Choosing the Most Specific Method 462

15.12.2.6 Method Result and Throws Types 465

15.12.2.7 Inferring Type Arguments Based on Actual

Arguments 466

15.12.2.8 Inferring Unresolved Type Arguments 477

15.12.3 Compile-Time Step 3: Is the Chosen Method Appropriate? 478

15.12.4 Run-time Evaluation of Method Invocation 481

15.12.4.1 Compute Target Reference (If Necessary) 481

15.12.4.2 Evaluate Arguments 483

15.12.4.3 Check Accessibility of Type and Method 484

15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 485

15.12.4.5 Create Frame, Synchronize, Transfer Control 488

15.13 Array Access Expressions 490

15.13.1 Run-time Evaluation of Array Access 491

15.14 Postfix Expressions 493

15.14.1 Expression Names 493

15.14.2 Postfix Increment Operator ++ 494

15.14.3 Postfix Decrement Operator -- 494

15.15 Unary Operators 495

15.15.1 Prefix Increment Operator ++ 496

15.15.2 Prefix Decrement Operator -- 497

15.15.3 Unary Plus Operator + 497

15.15.4 Unary Minus Operator - 498

15.15.5 Bitwise Complement Operator ~ 498

15.15.6 Logical Complement Operator ! 499

15.16 Cast Expressions 499

15.17 Multiplicative Operators 500

15.17.1 Multiplication Operator * 501

15.17.2 Division Operator / 502

15.17.3 Remainder Operator % 503

15.18 Additive Operators 506

15.18.1 String Concatenation Operator + 506

15.18.2 Additive Operators (+ and -) for Numeric Types 509

15.19 Shift Operators 511

15.20 Relational Operators 512

15.20.1 Numerical Comparison Operators <, <=, >, and >= 512

15.20.2 Type Comparison Operator instanceof 513

15.21 Equality Operators 514

15.21.1 Numerical Equality Operators == and != 515

15.21.2 Boolean Equality Operators == and != 516

15.21.3 Reference Equality Operators == and != 517

15.22 Bitwise and Logical Operators 517

15.22.1 Integer Bitwise Operators &, ^, and | 518

15.22.2 Boolean Logical Operators &, ^, and | 519

15.23 Conditional-And Operator && 519

15.24 Conditional-Or Operator || 520

Preface to the First Edition

THE Java™ programming language was originally called Oak, and was designed

for use in embedded consumer-electronic applications by James Gosling. After

several years of experience with the language, and significant contributions by

Ed Frank, Patrick Naughton, Jonathan Payne, and Chris Warth it was retargeted

to the Internet, renamed, and substantially revised to be the language specified

here. The final form of the language was defined by James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy

Steele, Richard Tuck, Frank Yellin, and Arthur van Hoff, with help from Graham

Hamilton, Tim Lindholm, and many other friends and colleagues.

The Java programming language is a general-purpose concurrent class-based

object-oriented programming language, specifically designed to have as few

implementation dependencies as possible. It allows application developers to write

a program once and then be able to run it everywhere on the Internet.

This book attempts a complete specification of the syntax and semantics of the

language. We intend that the behavior of every language construct is specified

here, so that all implementations will accept the same programs. Except for timing

dependencies or other non-determinisms and given sufficient time and sufficient

memory space, a program written in the Java programming language should

compute the same result on all machines and in all implementations.

We believe that the Java programming language is a mature language, ready for

widespread use. Nevertheless, we expect some evolution of the language in the

years to come. We intend to manage this evolution in a way that is completely

compatible with existing applications. To do this, we intend to make relatively few

new versions of the language. Compilers and systems will be able to support the

several versions simultaneously, with complete compatibility.

Much research and experimentation with the Java platform is already underway.

We encourage this work, and will continue to cooperate with external groups to

explore improvements to the language and platform. For example, we have already

received several interesting proposals for parameterized types. In technically

difficult areas, near the state of the art, this kind of research collaboration is

essential.

We acknowledge and thank the many people who have contributed to this book

through their excellent feedback, assistance and encouragement:

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

xvi

Particularly thorough, careful, and thoughtful reviews of drafts were provided by

Tom Cargill, Peter Deutsch, Paul Hilfinger, Masayuki Ida, David Moon, Steven

Muchnick, Charles L. Perkins, Chris Van Wyk, Steve Vinoski, Philip Wadler,

Daniel Weinreb, and Kenneth Zadeck. We are very grateful for their extraordinary

volunteer efforts.

We are also grateful for reviews, questions, comments, and suggestions from

Stephen Adams, Bowen Alpern, Glenn Ammons, Leonid Arbouzov, Kim Bruce,

Edwin Chan, David Chase, Pavel Curtis, Drew Dean, William Dietz, David Dill,

Patrick Dussud, Ed Felten, John Giannandrea, John Gilmore, Charles Gust, Warren

Harris, Lee Hasiuk, Mike Hendrickson, Mark Hill, Urs Hoelzle, Roger Hoover,

Susan Flynn Hummel, Christopher Jang, Mick Jordan, Mukesh Kacker, Peter

Kessler, James Larus, Derek Lieber, Bill McKeeman, Steve Naroff, Evi Nemeth,

Robert O'Callahan, Dave Papay, Craig Partridge, Scott Pfeffer, Eric Raymond, Jim

Roskind, Jim Russell, William Scherlis, Edith Schonberg, Anthony Scian, Matthew

Self, Janice Shepherd, Kathy Stark, Barbara Steele, Rob Strom, William Waite,

Greg Weeks, and Bob Wilson. (This list was generated semi-automatically from

our E-mail records. We apologize if we have omitted anyone.)

The feedback from all these reviewers was invaluable to us in improving the

definition of the language as well as the form of the presentation in this book. We

thank them for their diligence. Any remaining errors in this book - we hope they

are few - are our responsibility and not theirs.

We thank Francesca Freedman and Doug Kramer for assistance with matters of

typography and layout. We thank Dan Mills of Adobe Systems Incorporated for

assistance in exploring possible choices of typefaces.

Many of our colleagues at Sun Microsystems have helped us in one way or another.

Lisa Friendly, our series editor, managed our relationship with Addison-Wesley.

Susan Stambaugh managed the distribution of many hundreds of copies of drafts to

reviewers. We received valuable assistance and technical advice from Ben Adida,

Ole Agesen, Ken Arnold, Rick Cattell, Asmus Freytag, Norm Hardy, Steve Heller,

David Hough, Doug Kramer, Nancy Lee, Marianne Mueller, Akira Tanaka, Greg

Tarsy, David Ungar, Jim Waldo, Ann Wollrath, Geoff Wyant, and Derek White.

We thank Alan Baratz, David Bowen, Mike Clary, John Doerr, Jon Kannegaard,

Eric Schmidt, Bob Sproull, Bert Sutherland, and Scott McNealy for leadership and

encouragement.

We are thankful for the tools and services we had at our disposal in writing

this book: telephones, overnight delivery, desktop workstations, laser printers,

photocopiers, text formatting and page layout software, fonts, electronic mail,

the World Wide Web, and, of course, the Internet. We live in three different

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