Metasploit 3.0 开发者指南：Ruby 编写的渗透测试框架

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"msf开发者文档" Metasploit框架是一个著名的开源渗透测试工具，用于安全研究、漏洞验证和教育。该文档是针对Metasploit 3.0版本的开发者指南，详细介绍了其内部结构和组件，特别强调了其基于Ruby语言的实现。以下是文档中的关键知识点： 1. **为什么选择Ruby?** Ruby是一种动态类型、面向对象的编程语言，以其简洁的语法和强大的元编程能力而受到欢迎。在Metasploit中，Ruby提供了灵活性和高效性，使得快速开发和构建复杂的渗透测试模块成为可能。 2. **设计与架构** Metasploit框架的设计目标是模块化和可扩展性，允许开发者轻松添加新的exploits、payloads和其他组件。它的架构包括了数据存储、事件通知、编码、exploitation、post-exploitation等多个核心部分。 3. **Rex模块** Rex（Robot Extensible）是Metasploit的一个核心组件，包含了一系列实用工具和库。 - **Assembly**: 提供了对汇编代码的处理，包括整数打包、栈指针调整和架构特定的opcode生成。 - **Encoding**: 处理exploit中的payload编码，以绕过某些安全机制，如ASLR（地址空间布局随机化）。 - **Exploitation**: 包括了exploit的实现，如egghunter技术用于寻找和执行payload。 - **Jobs**: 支持后台任务管理和并发执行。 - **Logging**: 提供多种日志级别，如默认、额外、详细和疯狂，以适应不同的调试需求。 - **Opcode Database**: 存储不同架构的opcode信息，方便生成和操作机器码。 - **Post-exploitation**: 在成功利用后执行的代码，用于进一步控制和收集信息。 - **Protocols**: 实现了多种网络协议，如DCERPC、HTTP和SMB，以支持远程交互和通信。 - **Services**: 提供了启动、停止和管理服务的功能。 - **Sockets**: 包括TCP、SSL和switchboard路由表等，用于网络连接。 - **Synchronization**: 提供线程同步机制，如事件通知、读写锁和引用计数，确保多线程环境下的安全性。 - **Ui**: 用户界面组件，包括文本用户界面，便于交互操作。 4. **Framework Core** - **DataStore**: 存储框架中的所有数据，如模块参数、目标信息等。 - **Event Notifications**: 支持事件驱动的编程模型，使得组件间可以响应特定事件并进行协作。这份文档深入探讨了Metasploit的内部工作原理，对于希望为Metasploit贡献代码或理解其功能的开发者来说是一份宝贵的资源。通过学习这些内容，开发者可以更有效地创建和维护渗透测试工具，提升测试效率和安全性评估的质量。

2.6 Opcode Database

The rex library provides a class that makes it possible to interact with the

Metasploit opcode database in a programmatic fashion. The class that provides

this feature can be found in Rex::Exploitation::OpcodeDb::Client. To learn

more about interacting with the opcode database using this interface, please

refer to the auto-generated documentation on the Metas ploit website.

2.7 Post-exploitation

The rex library provides client-side implementations for some advanced post-

exploitation suites, such as DispatchNinja and Meterpreter. These two post-

exploitation client interfaces are designed to be usable outside of the context

of an exploit. The Rex::Post namespace provides a set of classes at its root

that are meant to act as a generalized interface to remote systems via the post-

exploitation clients, if supported. These c lasse s allow programmers to write au-

tomated tools that can operate upon remote machines in a platform-independent

manner. While it’s true that platforms may lack analogous feature sets for some

actions, the majority of the common set of actions will have functional equiva-

lents.

2.8 Prot ocols

Supp ort for some of the more common protocols, such as HTTP and SMB, is

included in the rex library to help with the development of protocol-speciﬁc

exploits and to allow for ease of use in other projects. Each protocol implemen-

tation exists under the Rex::Proto namespace.

2.8.1 DCERC

The rex library supports a fairly robust implementation of a porition of the

DCERPC feature-set and includes support for doing evasive actions such as

multi-context bind and packet fragmentation. The classe s that support the

DCERPC client interface can be found in the Rex::Proto::DCERPC namespace.

2.8.2 HTTP

Minimal support for an HTTP client and server is provided in the rex library.

While similar protocol class implementations are provided both in webrick and

in other areas of the ruby default standard library set, it was deemed that the

current implementations were not well suited for general purpose use due to the

existence of blocking request parsing and other such things. The rex- provided

HTTP library also provides classes for parsing HTTP requests and responses.

The HTTP protocol classes can be found under the Rex::Proto::Http names-

pace.

2.8.3 SMB

Robust support for the SMB protocol is provided by the classes in the Rex::Proto::SMB

namespace. These classes supp ort connecting to SMB servers and performing

logins as well as other SMB-exposed actions like transacting a named pipe and

performing other speciﬁc commands. The SMB classes are particularly useful

for exploits that require communicating with an SMB serve r.

2.9 Servi ces

One of the limitations identiﬁed in the 2.x branch of the framework was that

it was not possible to share listeners on the local machine when attempting to

perform two diﬀerent exploits that both needed to listen on the same port. To

solve this problem, the 3.0 version of the framework provides the concept of

services which are registered listeners that are initialized once and then sub-

sequently shared by future requests to allocate the same service. This makes

it possible to do things like have two exploits waiting for an HTTP request on

port 80 without having any sort of speciﬁc conﬂicts. This is especially useful

because it makes it possible to not have to worry about ﬁrewall restrictions on

outbound ports that would normally only permit connections to port 80, thus

making it possible to try multiple client-side exploits against a host with all the

diﬀerent exploit instances listening on the same port for requests.

Aside from the sharing of HTTP-like services, the service subsystem also pro-

vides a way to relay connections from a local TC P port to an already existing

stream. This support is oﬀered through the Rex::Services::LocalRelay class.

2.10 Sockets

One of the most important features of the rex library is the set of classes that

wrapper sockets. The socket subsystem provides an interface for creating sockets

of a given protocol using what is referred to as a Comm factory class. The purpose

of the Comm factory class is to make the underlying transport and classes used

to establish the connection for a given socket opaque. This makes it possible

for socket connections to be established using the local socket facilities as well

as by using some sort of tunneled socket proxying system as is the case with

Meterpreter connection pivoting.

Sockets are created using the socket Parameter class which is initialized either

directly or through the use of a hash. The hash initialization of the Parame-

ters class is much the same as perl’s socket initialization. The hash attributes

supported by the Parameter class are documented in the constructor of the

Parameter class.

There are a few diﬀerent ways to create sockets. The ﬁrst way is to simply call

Rex::Socket.create with a hash that will be use d to create a socket of the

appropriate type using the supplied or default Comm factory class. A second

approach that can be used is to call the Rex::Socket::create param method

which takes an initialized Parameter instance as an argument. The remaining

approaches involve using protocol-speciﬁc factory methods, such as create tcp,

create tcp server, and create udp. All three of these methods take a hash

as a parameter that is translated into a Parameter instance and passed on for

actual creation.

All sockets have ﬁve major attributes that are shared in common, though some

may not always be initialized. The ﬁrst attributes provide information about the

remote host and port and are exposed through the peerhost and peerport at-

tributes, respectively. The second attributes provide information the loc al host

and port and are exposed through the localhost and localport attributes,

respectively. Finally, every socket has a hash of contextual information that was

used during it’s creation which is exposed through the context attribute. While

most exploits will have an empty hash, some exploits may have a hash that con-

tains state information that can be used to track the originator of the socket.

The framework makes use of this feature to associate sockets with framework,

exploit, and payload instances.

2.10.1 Comm classes

The Comm interface used in the library has one simple method called create

which takes a Parameter instance. The purpose of this factory approach is to

provide a location and transport independent way of creating compatible socket

object instances using a generalized factory method. For connections being

established directly from the local box, the Rex::Socket::Comm::Local class

is used. For connections be established through another machine, a medium

speciﬁc Comm factory is used, such as the Meterpreter Comm class.

The Comm interface also supports registered event notiﬁcation handlers for when

certain things occur, like prior to and after the creation of a new socket. This

can be used by external projects to augment the feature set of a socket or to

change its default behavior.

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