NDN：从TCP/IP到数据中心的未来网络架构探索

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"IEEE RFC 964 技术文档详细介绍了命名数据网络（Named Data Networking, NDN）——这是由美国国家科学基金会(NSF)资助的未来互联网架构项目之一，旨在发展新的网络架构以满足新兴通信需求并替代TCP/IP协议。NDN起源于早期的以内容为中心的网络（Content-Centric Networking, CCN）项目，由Van Jacobson于2006年首次公开提出。该项目主要探讨了从以主机为中心的网络架构向以数据为中心的网络架构的转变，并深入探讨了这种转变对网络设计、开发、部署和使用方式的影响。 NDN的基本理念是，网络不再以IP地址作为数据传输的核心，而是以数据本身的名字作为中心。这改变了传统网络中基于源和目标IP地址的数据请求和传输方式，转而采用基于数据名称的请求和数据分发模式。这样的设计可以提高网络效率，减少延迟，增强安全性和隐私保护，同时支持更灵活的内容分发和服务交付。在NDN架构中，主要有以下几个关键组件和操作： 1. 数据名称：数据的命名策略是NDN的核心，它使得数据可以根据其内容或用途进行寻址，而不是依赖于其存储位置。 2. 数据包：NDN的数据包称为数据报文，包含了数据名称和数据本身，以及可能的数字签名和其他元数据，确保数据的完整性和可验证性。 3. 名称解析：网络节点通过名称解析来查找数据的源头，这与TCP/IP中的地址解析不同。 4. 内容缓存：NDN在网络节点上实现内容缓存，这有助于减少重复请求，提高性能，并支持离线访问。 5. 安全机制：NDN内置了安全机制，如数字签名，保证数据的来源和完整性，防止中间人攻击。当前NDN项目的设计和发展状态包括了原型实现和公开发布的研究成果。尽管NDN展现出了许多潜在的优势，但还面临着一系列挑战，如网络路由的复杂性、命名空间的管理和安全策略的实施等。 NDN的研究不仅仅局限于网络架构的革新，还涉及到应用程序的设计、网络服务的提供以及与现有基础设施的互操作性。随着技术的发展，NDN有可能成为解决现代互联网问题的一种新方法，如大规模内容分发、物联网(IoT)集成和边缘计算等应用场景。 NDN代表了对传统TCP/IP模型的一次重大挑战，它的愿景是构建一个更加高效、安全和用户友好的互联网。虽然目前仍处于研发阶段，但NDN的理论基础和初步实践为未来网络架构提供了重要的参考和启示。"

Named Data Networking

Lixia Zhang

Alexander Afanasyev

Jeffrey Burke

Van Jacobson

UCLA

kc claffy

CAIDA

UC, San Diego

Patrick Crowley

Washington University,

St. Louis

Christos Papadopoulos

Colorado State Univ.

Lan Wang

Univ. of Memphis

Beichuan Zhang

Univ. of Arizona

ABSTRACT

Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of ﬁve projects funded

by the U.S. National Science Foundation under its Future

Internet Architecture Program. NDN has its roots in an

earlier project, Content-Centric Networking (CCN), which

Van Jacobson ﬁrst publicly presented in 2006.

The NDN

project investigates Jacobson’s proposed evolution from to-

day’s host-centric network architecture (IP) to a data-centric

network architecture (NDN). This conceptually simple shift

has far-reaching implications for how we design, develop,

deploy, and use networks and applications. We describe the

motivation and vision of this new architecture, and its basic

components and operations. We also provide a snapshot of

its current design, development status, and research chal-

lenges. More information about the project, including pro-

totype implementations, publications, and annual reports,

is available on named-data.net.

1. VISION: A NEW NARROW WAIST

Today’s Internet’s hourglass architecture centers on a uni-

versal network layer (i.e., IP) which implements the minimal

functionality necessary for global interconnectivity. This

thin waist enabled the Internet’s explosive growth by al-

lowing both lower and upper layer technologies to innovate

independently. However, IP was designed to create a com-

munication network, where packets named only communi-

cation endpoints. Sustained growth in e-commerce, digital

media, social networking, and smartphone applications has

led to dominant use of the Internet as a distribution network.

Distribution networks are more general than communication

networks, and solving distribution problems via a point-to-

point communication protocol is complex and error-prone.

The Named Data Networking (NDN) project proposed an

evolution of the IP architecture that generalizes the role of

this thin waist, such that packets can name objects other

than communication endpoints (Figure 1). More speciﬁ-

cally, NDN changes the semantics of network service from

delivering the packet to a given destination address to fetch-

ing data identiﬁed by a given name. The name in an NDN

packet can name anything – an endpoint, a data chunk in

a movie or a book, a command to turn on some lights, etc.

This conceptually simple change allows NDN networks to

“A New Way to Look at Networking”,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCZMoY3q2uM

packets

email WWW phone ...

SMTP HTTP RTP ...

TCP UDP ...

ethernet PPP ...

copper fiber radio ...

CSMA async sonet ...

Every node

copper fiber radio ...

Individual apps

Individual links

Strategy

Security

File Stream ...

browser chat ...

Content

chunks

IP UDP P2P BCast ...

Figure 1: The main building blocks of the NDN ar-

chitecture are named content chunks, in contrast to

the IP architecture’s fundamental unit of communi-

cation, which is an end-to-end channel between two

end endpoints identiﬁed by IP addresses.

use almost all of the Internet’s well-tested engineering prop-

erties to solve a much broader range of problems including

not only end-to-end communications but also content dis-

tribution and control problems. Based on three decades of

experience with the strengths and limitations of the current

Internet architecture, the design also builds in security prim-

itives (via signatures on all named data) and self-regulation

of network traﬃc (via ﬂow balance between Interest and

Data packets). The architecture includes functionality de-

signed to be conducive to user choice and competition as

the network evolves, such as multipath forwarding and in-

network storage.

NDN is one instance of a more general network research di-

rection called information-centric networking (ICN), under

which diﬀerent architecture designs have emerged [29]. The

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) established an ICN re-

search working group in 2012

. In this paper we provide a

brief (and necessarily incomplete) snapshot of the current

state of the NDN architecture research project, which in-

cludes sixteen NSF-funded principal investigators at twelve

campuses, and growing interest from the academic and in-

dustrial research communities. A more complete description

of recent activities is in the third annual project report [20]

and on the NDN web site (named-data.net).

http://trac.tools.ietf.org/group/irtf/trac/wiki/icnrg

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review

Volume 44, Number 3, July 2014

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NDN：从TCP/IP到数据中心的未来网络架构探索

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