高性能MySQL第三版：优化与实战指南

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《High Performance MySQL》第三版是一本由 Baron Schwartz、Peter Zaitsev 和 Vadim Tkachenko 联合撰写的权威指南，专为提高MySQL数据库在高负载环境下的性能而设计。本书是针对数据库管理员、系统架构师和开发人员的一手资料，涵盖了从优化查询策略、存储引擎选择到集群配置和性能调优等全方位的主题。该书自2004年首次出版以来，历经多次迭代，最新版本更新于2012年3月，反映了MySQL技术的最新进展和最佳实践。作者们以其丰富的经验和深入理解，提供了大量实用的案例研究和深入剖析，帮助读者理解和解决在高并发、大数据量场景下的性能瓶颈问题。书中详细阐述了如何： 1. **优化查询性能**：通过索引设计、查询优化和避免全表扫描来提升数据检索速度。 2. **选择和调整存储引擎**：InnoDB、MyISAM、Memory等引擎的特点和适用场景分析，以及如何根据业务需求选择最合适的引擎。 3. **服务器配置与参数调优**：如何设置MySQL服务器参数以适应不同负载，如缓冲区大小、线程池配置等。 4. **硬件和架构优化**：包括使用SSD、集群配置（如主从复制、读写分离）以及硬件资源的合理分配。 5. **监控与诊断**：如何使用内置工具和第三方工具来检测和解决性能问题，如EXPLAIN、SHOW STATUS等命令的使用。 6. **备份与恢复策略**：确保数据安全的关键操作，包括热备份、冷备份和故障恢复。 7. **内存管理与缓存优化**：理解InnoDB的Buffer Pool和查询缓存，以及如何有效地利用它们。此外，书中还包含了大量的实战技巧和注意事项，以及对MySQL未来发展趋势的预测，以帮助读者保持技术领先。由于版权原因，读者可以访问O'Reilly官方网站或在线平台获取完整资源，并通过修订历史记录了解每一次更新的内容变化。《High Performance MySQL》第三版是一本不可或缺的参考资料，对于希望在MySQL性能优化方面达到专业水平的读者来说，无论是在企业级应用还是云计算环境中，都能从中受益匪浅。

E. Debugging Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

F. Using Sphinx with MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

xiv | Table of Contents

Foreword

I’ve been a fan of this book for years, and the third edition makes a great book even

better. Not only do world-class experts share that expertise, but they have taken the

time to update and add chapters with high-quality writing. While the book has many

details on getting high performance from MySQL, the focus of the book is on the pro-

cess of improvement rather than facts and trivia. This book will help you figure out

how to make things better, regardless of changes in MySQL’s behavior over time.

The authors are uniquely qualified to write this book, based on their experience, prin-

cipled approach, focus on efficiency, and commitment to improvement. By experi-

ence, I mean that the authors have been working on MySQL performance from the days

when it didn’t scale and had no instrumentation to the current period where things are

much better. By principled approach, I mean that they treat this like a science, first

defining problems to be solved and then using reason and measurement to solve those

problems.

I am most impressed by their focus on efficiency. As consultants, they don’t have the

luxury of time. Clients getting billed by the hour want problems solved quickly. So the

authors have defined processes and built tools to get things done correctly and effi-

ciently. They describe the processes in this book and publish source code for the tools.

Finally, they continue to get better at what they do. This includes a shift in concern

from throughput to response time, a commitment to understanding the performance

of MySQL on new hardware, and a pursuit of new skills like queueing theory that can

be used to understand performance.

I believe this book augurs a bright future for MySQL. As MySQL has evolved to support

demanding workloads, the authors have led a similar effort to improve the under-

standing of MySQL performance within the community. They have also contributed

directly to that improvement via XtraDB and XtraBackup. I continue to learn from them

and hope you take the time to do so as well.

—Mark Callaghan, Software Engineer, Facebook

Preface

We wrote this book to serve the needs of not just the MySQL application developer

but also the MySQL database administrator. We assume that you are already relatively

experienced with MySQL. We also assume some experience with general system ad-

ministration, networking, and Unix-like operating systems.

The second edition of this book presented a lot of information to readers, but no book

can provide complete coverage of a topic. Between the second and third editions, we

took notes on literally thousands of interesting problems we’d solved or seen others

solve. When we started to outline the third edition, it became clear that not only would

full coverage of these topics require three to five thousand pages, but the book still

wouldn’t be complete. After reflecting on this problem, we realized that the second

edition’s emphasis on deep coverage was actually self-limiting, in the sense that it often

didn’t teach readers how to think about MySQL.

As a result, this third edition has a different focus from the second edition. We still

convey a lot of information, and we still emphasize the same goals, such as reliability

and correctness. But we’ve also tried to imbue the book with a deeper purpose: we want

to teach the principles of why MySQL works as it does, not just the facts about how it

works. We’ve included more illustrative stories and case studies, which demonstrate

the principles in action. We build on these to try to answer questions such as “Given

MySQL’s internal architecture and operation, what practical effects arise in real usage?

Why do those effects matter? How do they make MySQL well suited (or not well suited)

for particular needs?”

Ultimately, we hope that your knowledge of MySQL’s internals will help you in situa-

tions beyond the scope of this book. And we hope that your newfound insight will help

you to learn and practice a methodical approach to designing, maintaining, and trou-

bleshooting systems that are built on MySQL.

How This Book Is Organized

We fit a lot of complicated topics into this book. Here, we explain how we put them

together in an order that makes them easier to learn.

xvii

A Broad Overview

Chapter 1, MySQL Architecture and History is dedicated to the basics—things you’ll

need to be familiar with before you dig in deeply. You need to understand how MySQL

is organized before you’ll be able to use it effectively. This chapter explains MySQL’s

architecture and key facts about its storage engines. It helps you get up to speed if you

aren’t familiar with some of the fundamentals of a relational database, including trans-

actions. This chapter will also be useful if this book is your introduction to MySQL but

you’re already familiar with another database, such as Oracle. We also include a bit of

historical context: the changes to MySQL over time, recent ownership changes, and

where we think it’s headed.

Building a Solid Foundation

The early chapters cover material we hope you’ll reference over and over as you use

MySQL.

Chapter 2, Benchmarking MySQL discusses the basics of benchmarking—that is, de-

termining what sort of workload your server can handle, how fast it can perform certain

tasks, and so on. Benchmarking is an essential skill for evaluating how the server be-

haves under load, but it’s also important to know when it’s not useful.

Chapter 3, Profiling Server Performance introduces you to the response time–oriented

approach we take to troubleshooting and diagnosing server performance problems.

This framework has proven essential to solving some of the most puzzling cases we’ve

seen. Although you might choose to modify our approach (we developed it by modi-

fying Cary Millsap’s approach, after all), we hope you’ll avoid the pitfalls of not having

any method at all.

In Chapters 4 through 6, we introduce three topics that together form the foundation

for a good logical and physical database design. In Chapter 4, Optimizing Schema and

Data Types, we cover the various nuances of data types and table design. Chapter 5,

Indexing for High Performance extends the discussion to indexes—that is, physical

database design. A firm understanding of indexes and how to use them well is essential

for using MySQL effectively, so you’ll probably find yourself returning to this chapter

repeatedly. And Chapter 6, Query Performance Optimization wraps the topics together

by explaining how MySQL executes queries and how you can take advantage of its

query optimizer’s strengths. This chapter also presents specific examples of many com-

mon classes of queries, illustrating where MySQL does a good job and how to transform

queries into forms that use its strengths.

Up to this point, we’ve covered the basic topics that apply to any database: tables,

indexes, data, and queries. Chapter 7, Advanced MySQL Features goes beyond the

basics and shows you how MySQL’s advanced features work. We examine topics such

as partitioning, stored procedures, triggers, and character sets. MySQL’s implementa-

tion of these features is different from other databases, and a good understanding of

xviii | Preface

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