信息论应用:硬币检测与骰子投掷的信息量分析

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"该资源涉及的是信息论的相关知识,包括信息量、冗余度和概率在解决问题中的应用。" 在信息论中,冗余度是一个关键概念,它表示信息传输中不必要的或者重复的部分。在标题提及的"3比特/符号两信源的冗余度分别"中,冗余度被用来衡量信源编码的效率。具体来说,冗余度g1计算为1减去信源熵H(X),其中H(X)表示信源的熵,是信源随机变量X的不确定性度量,通常以比特/符号为单位。在给定的例子中,H(X) = 0.553比特/符号,所以g1 = 1 - H(X) = 0.119比特/符号,表示信源中平均每符号包含的冗余信息。 描述中提到了H∞,这通常指的是最大熵,它是不确定性的上限,与信源的具体分布无关。这里H∞ = 0.447比特/符号,是另一个信源的冗余度,计算方式同样为1减去信源熵。 接下来,通过一系列实际问题展示了信息论的应用。例如,第2.1题中,假币检测问题转化为信息获取的过程。信息量I用来衡量消除不确定性所需要的信息,这里是log24比特,表示至少需要2.9次称量才能确定哪一枚是假币,但实际上需要3次。 第2.2题探讨了扔骰子事件的信息量。信息量I是基于事件发生的概率P计算的,公式为I = -log2(P)。比如,“两骰子点数之和为2”是一个低概率事件,信息量较大,为5.17比特;而“两骰子点数是3和4”是一个中等概率事件,信息量为4.17比特。 第2.3题中,询问“明天是星期几”这个问题的信息量取决于提问时的先验知识。如果不知道今天是星期几,答案有7种可能,所以信息量为log7比特。而如果已知今天是星期四,答案只剩下1种可能性,信息量为0比特,因为没有新增任何信息。 最后,第2.4题涉及条件概率和联合概率。它讨论了得知“身高1.6米以上且是大学生”的女孩这一信息所包含的有用性。根据给出的条件,可以计算这个事件的概率,并进一步分析它提供了多少信息。 这些题目展示了信息论如何用于解决实际问题,如决策制定、数据压缩和通信效率等方面,以及如何通过概率和熵的概念量化信息的价值。学习这些知识对于理解和优化通信系统、数据处理和信息管理至关重要。

Rab GTPases serve as master regulators of membrane trafficking. They can be activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) and be inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The roles of some GAPs have been explored in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but are largely unknown in filamentous fungi. Here, we investigated the role of GAP Gyp3 gene, an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Gyp3, in an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum. We found that MaGyp3 is mainly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of vegetative hyphae, nuclei of mature conidia, and both ER and nuclei in invasive hyphae. Lack of MaGyp3 caused a decreased tolerance to hyperosmotic stress, heat-shock and UV-B radiation. Moreover, the ΔMaGyp3 mutant showed a significantly decreased pathogenicity owing to delayed germination, reduced appressorium-mediated penetration and impaired invasive growth. Loss of MaGyp3 also caused impaired fungal growth, advanced conidiation and defects in utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources, while overexpression of MaGyp3 exhibited delayed conidiation on nutrient-rich medium and conidiation pattern shift from microcycle conidiation to normal conidiation on nutrient-limited medium. Mavib-1, a tanscription factor invloved in conidiation by affecting nutrient utilizaiton, can directly bind to the promoter of MaGyp3. ΔMaGyp3 and ΔMavib-1 mutants shared similar phenotypes, and overexpression mutants of MaGyp3 and Mavib-1 (Mavib-1-OE) exhibited similar phenotypes in growth, conidiation and pathogenicity. Reintroduction of the Magyp3 driven by strong promoter gpd in ΔMavib-1 mutant recovered the defects in growth and conidiation for dysfunction of Mavib1. Taken together, our findings uncovered the role of GAP3 in a filamentous pathogenic fungus and and illustrated the upstream regulatory mechanism by direct interaction with Mavib-1.请用nature杂志的风格润色成学术论文的形式。

2023-02-10 上传

翻译This SiO2 shell is a key component in the mechanism for reversible actuation, as illustrated by finite element analysis (FEA) in Fig. 1C. An increase in temperature transforms the SMA (nitinol) from the martensitic to the austenitic phase, causing the 3D structure to flatten into a 2D shape. The responses of the SMA elements at the joints act as driving forces to deform the PI skeleton. This process also elastically deforms the SiO2 shell, resulting in a counter force that limits the magnitude of the deformation. The change in shape ceases when the forces from the shell balance those from the joints (right frame in Fig. 1C). Upon a reduction in temperature, the SMA changes from the austenitic back to the martensitic phase, thereby reducing the force produced by the SMA at the joints to zero. The elastic forces associated with the shell then push the entire system back to the original 3D geometry (left frame in Fig. 1C). Figure S3A simulates the moments generated by the SMA and the SiO2 shell. In the FEA model, the SiO2 shell appears on both the outer and inner surfaces of the 3D robot, consistent with experiments (fig. S3B). Although a single layer of the SiO2 shell at the outer or inner surface can also provide restoring force, the double-layer shell structure follows naturally from the conformal deposition process. This actuation scheme allows for reversible shape transformations using a one-way shape memory material. Without the shell, the structure only supports a single change in shape, from 3D to 2D, as illustrated in fig. S3C. Figure 1D shows optical images of a freestanding 3D peekytoe crab on the edge of a coin, highlighting the preserved 3D geometry enabled by the SiO2 shell after release from the elastomer substrate. Other 3D structures in geometries that resemble baskets, circular helices, and double-floor helices also exhibit high shape storage ratios (>85%) after cycles of heating and cooling (fig. S4). This ratio (s) is defined as s = 1 − |L1 − L0|/L0 × 100%, where L0 and L1 are the distances between the bonding sites at both ends at the initial stage and subsequent stages, respectively

2023-06-13 上传