Django 1.11 官方文档精华解读

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"Django 1.11版官方文档（英文）提供了全面的Django框架的使用指南，包括模型、视图、模板、表单、开发过程、管理界面、安全、国际化与本地化、性能优化、Python兼容性、地理框架、Web应用工具和其他核心功能。文档还包含了入门教程，一步步引导开发者创建第一个Django应用，并进一步深入学习高级教程，如编写可重用的应用。" Django是一个基于Python的开源Web应用框架，它遵循MVC（模型-视图-控制器）设计模式，旨在简化Web应用程序的开发。在Django 1.11版本的官方文档中，涵盖了多个关键知识点： 1. **模型（Model）层**：模型是数据的抽象，用于定义数据库中的表结构和业务逻辑。开发者可以通过定义类来创建模型，这些类将映射到数据库表。 2. **视图（View）层**：视图负责处理HTTP请求并返回响应。它们通常处理用户交互，获取数据并决定如何呈现给用户。 3. **模板（Template）层**：模板系统是Django中用来生成动态HTML或其他格式输出的部分。它可以包含变量和控制结构，用于渲染视图提供的数据。 4. **表单（Forms）**：Django的表单模块使得创建和处理HTML表单变得简单，它支持验证用户输入，并将数据映射到模型或执行其他操作。 5. **开发过程**：文档详细介绍了如何设置开发环境，以及Django项目和应用的创建过程。 6. **管理界面（Admin）**：Django的内置管理界面允许快速创建后台管理功能，方便对模型对象进行增删改查等操作。 7. **安全**：Django提供了多种安全特性，包括CSRF保护、XSS防御和SQL注入预防，确保应用程序的安全性。 8. **国际化和本地化（Internationalization and localization）**：Django支持多语言内容，可以方便地进行翻译和区域设置。 9. **性能和优化**：文档指导如何优化Django应用的性能，包括缓存策略、数据库查询优化和静态文件处理。 10. **Python兼容性**：Django 1.11版本支持特定范围内的Python版本，确保在不同Python环境中的一致性。 11. **地理框架**：Django提供地理数据支持，包括地理数据库集成和地理查询。 12. **Web应用工具**：Django包含一系列工具，如中间件、URL路由和信号处理器，帮助开发者构建复杂的Web应用。 13. **其他核心功能**：除了上述主要部分，文档还涵盖了其他功能，如认证系统、会话管理、电子邮件服务和测试框架。 14. **入门教程**：针对初学者的快速安装指南和逐步创建第一个Django应用的教程，从基础到进阶，涵盖多个部分。 15. **高级教程**：如何编写可重用的应用，这是提升开发者技能和理解Django最佳实践的重要部分。这个文档是学习和参考Django 1.11版的宝贵资源，无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中获取丰富的知识和实践经验。

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Django Documentation, Release 1.11.14

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces just to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from

Python code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

mysite/news/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URLs, as simple regular expressions, to the location of Python callback functions (“views”).

The regular expressions use parenthesis to “capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs

through each pattern, in order, and stops at the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches,

Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is blazingly fast, because the regular expressions are compiled at load

time.

Once one of the regexes matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets passed a

request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the regex.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, '2005', '05', '39323').

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.11.14

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 1.11.14

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites – simply by creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

Django on Jython

If you use Jython (a Python implementation for the Java platform), you’ll need to follow a few additional steps. See

Running Django on Jython for details.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 3.4.x

[GCC 4.x] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.11.14

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ preﬁx):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 1.11 and Python 3.4 or later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you can refer to

the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this page, or update

Django to the newest version. If you are still using Python 2.7, you will need to adjust the code samples slightly, as

described in comments.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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