Swift 5 实战进阶：高级 iOS 应用架构

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"Advanced iOS App Architecture Real-world app architecture in Swift 5" 本书《Advanced iOS App Architecture》由René Cacheaux和Josh Berlin合著，主要探讨了Swift 5语言在构建高级iOS应用程序架构中的实际应用。它涵盖了各种架构模式和最佳实践，旨在帮助开发者创建稳定、可维护且易于扩展的应用程序。在iOS应用开发中，架构是至关重要的，因为它决定了代码的组织方式，影响着项目的可读性、可测试性和可维护性。Swift 5作为Apple的最新编程语言版本，提供了许多特性来支持更好的架构设计，例如类型安全和协议扩展等。本书可能涉及的知识点包括： 1. **MVC（Model-View-Controller）**：传统的iOS架构模式，书中可能会讨论其局限性和如何在Swift 5中改进MVC。 2. **MVVM（Model-View-ViewModel）**：一种更现代的架构模式，强调解耦视图和模型，书中可能会介绍MVVM的实现和优势。 3. **VIPER（View-Interactor-Presenter-Entity-Router）**：一种模块化的架构，有助于大型项目管理，书中可能会深入解释VIPER的组成部分及其工作原理。 4. **Clean Architecture**：一种关注业务逻辑和边界清晰的架构，书中可能会讨论如何在Swift 5中实现Clean Architecture，以及如何测试和维护这种架构。 5. **Protocol-Oriented Programming (POP)**：Swift的一个核心特性，书中可能会展示如何使用协议来定义接口，实现面向协议的设计，提高代码的灵活性和可复用性。 6. **Dependency Injection (DI)**：一种设计模式，用于管理对象之间的依赖关系，书中可能会讨论Swift 5中的依赖注入实践，如Closure-based DI和Container-based DI。 7. **State Management**：书中可能会探讨如何在Swift 5中处理应用程序的状态，如Redux、MobX或RxSwift等库的使用。 8. **Unit Testing and UI Testing**：在高级架构中，测试是必不可少的一部分。书中可能会讲解如何编写有效的单元测试和UI测试，以确保代码质量。 9. **Swift Packages Manager (SPM)**：苹果提供的包管理工具，书中可能会讨论如何利用SPM进行模块化和依赖管理。 10. **SOLID原则**：面向对象设计的五项基本原则，书中可能会阐述这些原则如何应用于Swift 5的iOS应用开发。此外，书中可能还会涵盖持续集成、代码审查、性能优化和用户体验设计等方面，以帮助开发者全面理解和应用先进的iOS应用架构。通过学习这些内容，开发者可以提升自己的专业技能，构建出更加高效和健壮的iOS应用程序。

Chapter 2: Which

Architecture Is Right for Me?

By René Cacheaux

You might be wondering: Which architecture pattern is right for me? Honestly, there's

no perfect universal app architecture. An architecture that works best for one project

might not work best for your project. There are many different aspects to consider

when establishing an architecture for you and your team to follow. This chapter guides

you through the process of finding the best architecture for your project.

There's a lot that goes into shaping your app's codebase into a cohesive and effective

architecture. Knowing where to start can especially be overwhelming. Every single file

in your app's codebase plays a part in your app's architecture. There's no shortage of

architecture patterns. Unfortunately, most patterns only scratch the surface and leave

you to figure out the fine details. In addition, many patterns are similar to one another

and have only minor differences here and there.

All of this makes architecture hard to put into practice. Fortunately, there are pragmatic

steps you can take to ensure your architecture is effective:

1. Understand the current state of your codebase.

2. Identify problems you'd like to solve or code you'd like to improve.

3. Evaluate different architecture patterns.

4. Try a couple patterns on for size before committing to one.

5. Draw a line in the sand and define your app's baseline architecture.

6. Look back and determine if your architecture is effectively addressing the problems

you want to solve.

7. Iterate and evolve your app’s architecture over time.

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Notice how selecting an architecture pattern isn't the first item on the list. The reality

is that selecting an architecture pattern is less important than understanding the the

problems you're trying to solve using architectural patterns. Taking the time to

understand the problems you want to solve allows you to focus on the few aspects of

architecture that really make a difference. While many problems will be specific to your

project, there are several general problems you can solve through good architecture.

The next several sections cover these general problems in detail.

Identifying problems to solve

Before embarking on any architecture project, you should first identify and understand

the problems you'd like to solve. This will allow you to evaluate whether you're getting

the most out of your app's architecture. A good architecture enables you and your team

to easily and safely change code without a ton of risk. Making changes to code in a

codebase that is not architected well is expensive and risky. The two primary problems

that good architecture practices solve are slow team velocity and fragile code

quality. Additionally, good architecture practices can help you prevent rigid software.

The next sections cover these two primary problems followed by a section that covers

rigid software.

Boosting team velocity and

strengthening code quality

A good app architecture enables you to deliver features and bug fixes faster without

compromising on quality. On the other hand, a less-than-ideal architecture slows your

team down and makes your codebase very difficult to change without breaking existing

functionality. Knowing this, what problems should you be looking for? Which problems

can architecture solve? Here are several problems that, when present, lead to slow

velocity and fragile code quality:

• My app's codebase is hard to understand.

• Changing my app's codebase sometimes causes regressions.

• My app exhibits fragile behavior when running.

• My code is hard to re-use.

• Changes require large code refactors.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

raywenderlich.com

Adding code to an existing type is much easier than coming up with a new type. When

creating a new type, you have to think about so many things: What should the type be

responsible for? How long should instances of this type live for? Should any existing

code be moved to this type? What if this new type needs access to state held by another

type?

Designing object-oriented systems takes time. When you're under pressure to deliver a

feature making this tradeoff can be difficult. The opportunity cost is hard to see. The

thing is, many problems are caused by large types – problems that will slow you down

and problems that will affect your code's quality. You'll read about examples of these

consequences in the following sections. For now, just know that breaking large types

into smaller types is a great way to improve your codebase's architecture.

Now that you're familiar with the root causes, you're ready to dig into the problems that

can cause slow team velocity and fragile code quality.

Examining the problems

If you're looking to boost your team's velocity and to strengthen your code's quality,

addressing the root causes is a good start. But you might be wondering how the root

causes affect team velocity and code quality.

Note: As you read the upcoming sections, keep in mind that highly

interdependent code and large types are just the common root causes. You'll see

these common root causes in almost all the problem sections below. However,

you'll also read about other, problem-specific, root causes.

With that in mind, it's time to examine the problems associated with team velocity and

code quality.

My app's codebase is hard to understand

Have you ever spent hours trying to figure out how a view controller works? Code is

inherently difficult to understand because code is textual. The connections between

files and types are hard to see. Having a solid understanding of how parts in your

codebase are connected really helps you reason about how your code works. Therefore,

the way an app is architected plays a huge role in the ease of code readability.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

raywenderlich.com

There are several ways in which architecture can impact readability:

How long are your class implementations?

600 line view controllers are very difficult to understand. If all you need to know is how

a button functions, fishing through 600 lines of view controller code will take a lot of

valuable time. A good architecture breaks large chunks of code into small, modular

pieces that are easy to read and understand. The more an architecture encourages

locally encapsulated behavior and state, the easier the code will be to read. Think about

the current app you're working on. If a new team member joins your team tomorrow

and needs to understand a single view controller, what percentage of the app's overall

codebase will that developer need to understand? This is a good gauge to use when

evaluating how much your architecture is helping improve your code's readability.

Unfortunately, most architecture patterns don't emphasize this point enough. The good

news is that this practice can be applied to pretty much any architecture pattern. So

this is more of a universal aspect of architecture.

How many global variables does your codebase have, and how many objects are

instantiated directly in another object?

The more your objects directly depend on each other and the more your objects depend

on global state, the less information a developer will have when reading a single file.

This makes it incredibly difficult to know how a change in a file might affect code living

in another file. This forces developers to Command-click into tons of files in order to

piece together the control flow. This takes a lot of time. Similar to class size, carefully

managing dependencies is unfortunately not emphasized enough by popular

architecture patterns. Carefully managing dependencies is a universal aspect that can

be applied to any architecture pattern. In fact, we apply this aspect to every

architecture code example that ships with this book. We also dedicated a whole chapter

to this. You can read more about managing dependencies in Chapter 4.

How differently are your view controllers implemented across your app's

codebase?

Developers, including your future self, will spend a lot of time figuring things out if

different features are implemented using different architecture patterns. Human brains

are amazing at identifying patterns. You can take advantage of this ability by ensuring

your codebase follows similar architecture patterns throughout. Having a consistent

structure drastically reduces the cognitive overhead required to understand code. In

turn, developers will feel more comfortable changing and improving older parts of an

app's codebase because they'll understand the common patterns.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

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Swift 5 实战进阶：高级 iOS 应用架构

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