移动通信无线通道原理:电磁波传播机制与VHF/UHF特性

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移动通信课件Ch3主要探讨了无线通信中的关键要素——无线信道,重点讲解了电磁波在无线环境中的传播机制。章节首先介绍了三种基本的传播方式:反射、绕射和散射。反射是指电磁波遇到阻挡物后改变方向的现象,如基站和移动台天线之间的地面反射波。绕射则发生在波长接近或小于阻挡物尺寸时,如基站信号通过山峰时产生的绕射波,这可能导致信号覆盖范围扩大但衰减增加。 在VHF和UHF频段,电波传播特性受到阻挡体的影响,例如直射波,即没有经过反射、折射或散射的直线传播。直射波的传播遵循自由空间传播模型,当发射机和接收机之间的路径是视距(Line-of-Sight, LOS)时,可以根据自由空间传播方程预测信号强度。这个方程指出,信号损耗与距离的平方成正比,增益以及频率也有相应的影响。 此外,章节还讨论了障碍物对无线信号的影响,特别是绕射损耗。绕射波在绕过障碍物时会向各个方向扩散,导致信号强度降低,计算绕射损耗需要考虑特定的绕射常数,这是一个较为复杂的计算过程。 本部分内容涵盖了无线通信的基础理论,对于理解和设计无线通信系统,理解这些传播机制及其影响至关重要。了解直射波的特性和绕射损耗有助于优化基站布局、提升信号覆盖效果,以及评估信号质量在有遮挡环境下的表现。掌握这些知识对于无线网络工程师、通信系统分析师以及相关专业人员来说,都是必不可少的专业技能。

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Caused by: io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel$AnnotatedConnectException: 拒绝连接: node01/192.168.72.110:7077 Caused by: java.net.ConnectException: 拒绝连接 at sun.nio.ch.SocketChannelImpl.checkConnect(Native Method) at sun.nio.ch.SocketChannelImpl.finishConnect(SocketChannelImpl.java:715) at io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel.doFinishConnect(NioSocketChannel.java:330) at io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel$AbstractNioUnsafe.finishConnect(AbstractNioChannel.java:334) at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKey(NioEventLoop.java:702) at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeysOptimized(NioEventLoop.java:650) at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeys(NioEventLoop.java:576) at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.run(NioEventLoop.java:493) at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$4.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:989) at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74) at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) 23/07/07 22:44:06 ERROR StandaloneSchedulerBackend: Application has been killed. Reason: All masters are unresponsive! Giving up. 23/07/07 22:44:06 WARN StandaloneSchedulerBackend: Application ID is not initialized yet. 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'org.apache.spark.network.netty.NettyBlockTransferService' on port 45096. 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO NettyBlockTransferService: Server created on node01:45096 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO BlockManager: Using org.apache.spark.storage.RandomBlockReplicationPolicy for block replication policy 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO SparkUI: Stopped Spark web UI at http://node01:4040 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO BlockManagerMaster: Registering BlockManager BlockManagerId(driver, node01, 45096, None) 23/07/07 22:44:06 INFO StandaloneSchedulerBackend: Shutting down all executors

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2023-07-13 09:15:56,872 WARN org.apache.flink.runtime.dispatcher.DispatcherRestEndpoint [] - Unhandled exception java.io.IOException: Connection reset by peer at sun.nio.ch.FileDispatcherImpl.read0(Native Method) ~[?:1.8.0_372] at sun.nio.ch.SocketDispatcher.read(SocketDispatcher.java:39) ~[?:1.8.0_372] at sun.nio.ch.IOUtil.readIntoNativeBuffer(IOUtil.java:223) ~[?:1.8.0_372] at sun.nio.ch.IOUtil.read(IOUtil.java:192) ~[?:1.8.0_372] at sun.nio.ch.SocketChannelImpl.read(SocketChannelImpl.java:379) ~[?:1.8.0_372] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBuf.setBytes(PooledByteBuf.java:253) ~[flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBuf.writeBytes(AbstractByteBuf.java:1132) ~[flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel.doReadBytes(NioSocketChannel.java:350) ~[flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel$NioByteUnsafe.read(AbstractNioByteChannel.java:151) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKey(NioEventLoop.java:719) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeysOptimized(NioEventLoop.java:655) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeys(NioEventLoop.java:581) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.run(NioEventLoop.java:493) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$4.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:986) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at org.apache.flink.shaded.netty4.io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74) [flink-dist-1.15.3.jar:1.15.3] at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) [?:1.8.0_372]

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