UNIX程序员手册：第七版补充文档

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"这是一份Unix操作手册，针对C/C++程序员，包含了Unix系统的详细说明，是Unix编程的重要参考资料。这份手册分为多个部分，包括基础、编辑、语言工具、文档准备和系统维护等，旨在为用户提供全面的Unix系统使用指南。手册中引用了一些内部备忘录和 Computing Science Technical Reports (CSTR)，尽管可能包含对其他操作系统如GCOS和IBM的提及，但这些内容对Unix用户来说并不重要。" 在Unix操作系统中，开发者和用户可以找到各种实用工具和编程接口，手册中详述了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Unix时间共享系统**：由D.M. Ritchie和K. Thompson撰写，这是Unix系统的基础，介绍了如何在多用户环境中有效分配系统资源，以及如何实现时间片轮转以实现并发执行。 2. **基本概念**：手册中概述了Unix的基本设施，包括文件系统、进程管理、I/O操作、网络通信和权限控制等方面，这些都是编写Unix程序时不可或缺的知识。 3. **编辑器**：Unix提供了经典的文本编辑器，如Vi（Visual Editor）和Emacs，它们具有强大的功能，是程序员日常工作的得力助手。手册会介绍这些编辑器的使用方法和高级特性。 4. **语言工具**：Unix提供了一系列强大的命令行工具，如grep、sed、awk等，用于文本处理和数据操作。这些工具与C/C++结合使用，能够实现高效的文本分析和脚本编程。 5. **文档准备**：Unix支持TeX和LaTeX等排版系统，使得编写高质量的技术文档变得简单。手册会介绍如何使用这些工具来创建和格式化专业级别的文档。 6. **系统维护**：涵盖了Unix系统管理和调试技巧，如系统日志、性能监控、故障排除和更新升级等内容，帮助用户维护稳定和安全的运行环境。 7. **C语言编程**：由于Unix系统本身大量使用C语言编写，手册中会有关于C语言编程的详细指导，包括标准库函数、系统调用和编译链接过程。 8. **Shell编程**：Bash shell是Unix系统中最常用的交互式命令解释器，也是编写脚本的首选。手册会介绍shell语法、变量、流程控制以及shell函数的使用。这份手册是Unix开发和使用的基石，无论你是新手还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获得宝贵的指导和灵感。通过深入学习和实践，可以更好地理解和利用Unix的强大功能，提升开发效率和系统管理能力。

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CC Compile and/or link edit programs in the C language. The UNIX operating system,

most of the subsystems and C itself are written in C. For a full description of C, read

The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, Prentice-

Hall, 1978.

General purpose language designed for structured programming.

Data types include character, integer, ﬂoat, double, pointers to all types, functions

returning above types, arrays of all types, structures and unions of all types.

Operations intended to give machine-independent control of full machine facility,

including to-memory operations and pointer arithmetic.

Macro preprocessor for parameterized code and inclusion of standard ﬁles.

All procedures recursive, with parameters by value.

Machine-independent pointer manipulation.

Object code uses full addressing capability of the PDP-11.

Runtime library gives access to all system facilities.

Deﬁnable data types.

Block structure

LINT Veriﬁer for C programs. Reports questionable or nonportable usage such as:

Mismatched data declarations and procedure interfaces.

Nonportable type conversions.

Unused variables, unreachable code, no-effect operations.

Mistyped pointers.

Obsolete syntax.

Full cross-module checking of separately compiled programs.

CB A beautiﬁer for C programs. Does proper indentation and placement of braces.

2.2. Fortran

F77 A full compiler for ANSI Standard Fortran 77.

Compatible with C and supporting tools at object level.

Optional source compatibility with Fortran 66.

Free format source.

Optional subscript-range checking, detection of uninitialized variables.

All widths of arithmetic: 2- and 4-byte integer; 4- and 8-byte real; 8- and 16-byte

complex.

RATFOR Ratfor adds rational control structure a` la C to Fortran.

Compound statements.

If-else, do, for, while, repeat-until, break, next statements.

Symbolic constants.

File insertion.

Free format source

Translation of relationals like >, >=.

Produces genuine Fortran to carry away.

May be used with F77.

STRUCT Converts ordinary ugly Fortran into structured Fortran (i.e., Ratfor), using statement

grouping, if-else, while, for, repeat-until.

2.3. Other Algorithmic Languages

BAS An interactive interpreter, similar in style to BASIC. Interpret unnumbered statements

immediately, numbered statements upon ‘run’.

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Full regular expression, plus left and right context dependence.

Resulting lexical analysers interface cleanly with YACC parsers.

3. Text Processing

3.1. Document Preparation

ED Interactive context editor. Random access to all lines of a ﬁle.

Find lines by number or pattern. Patterns may include: speciﬁed characters, don’t

care characters, choices among characters, repetitions of these constructs, beginning

of line, end of line.

Add, delete, change, copy, move or join lines.

Permute or split contents of a line.

Replace one or all instances of a pattern within a line.

Combine or split ﬁles.

Escape to Shell (command language) during editing.

Do any of above operations on every pattern-selected line in a given range.

Optional encryption for extra security.

PTX Make a permuted (key word in context) index.

SPELL Look for spelling errors by comparing each word in a document against a word list.

25,000-word list includes proper names.

Handles common preﬁxes and sufﬁxes.

Collects words to help tailor local spelling lists.

LOOK Search for words in dictionary that begin with speciﬁed preﬁx.

TYPO Look for spelling errors by a statistical technique; not limited to English.

CRYPT Encrypt and decrypt ﬁles for security.

3.2. Document Formatting

ROFF A typesetting program for terminals. Easy for nontechnical people to learn, and good

for simple documents. Input consists of data lines intermixed with control lines, such

ROFF is deemed to be obsolete;

it is intended only for casual use.

Justiﬁcation of either or both margins.

Automatic hyphenation.

Generalized running heads and feet, with even-odd page capability, numbering, etc.

Deﬁnable macros for frequently used control sequences (no substitutable arguments).

All 4 margins and page size dynamically adjustable.

Hanging indents and one-line indents.

Absolute and relative parameter settings.

Optional legal-style numbering of output lines.

Multiple ﬁle capability.

Not usable as a ﬁlter.

TROFF

NROFF Advanced typesetting. TROFF drives a Graphic Systems phototypesetter; NROFF

drives ascii terminals of all types. This summary was typeset using TROFF. TROFF

and NROFF style is similar to ROFF, but they are capable of much more elaborate

feats of formatting, when appropriately programmed. TROFF and NROFF accept the

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same input language.

All ROFF capabilities available or deﬁnable.

Completely deﬁnable page format keyed to dynamically planted ‘‘interrupts’’ at

speciﬁed lines.

Maintains several separately deﬁnable typesetting environments (e.g., one for body

text, one for footnotes, and one for unusually elaborate headings).

Arbitrary number of output pools can be combined at will.

Macros with substitutable arguments, and macros invocable in mid-line.

Computation and printing of numerical quantities.

Conditional execution of macros.

Tabular layout facility.

Positions expressible in inches, centimeters, ems, points, machine units or arithmetic

combinations thereof.

Access to character-width computation for unusually difﬁcult layout problems.

Overstrikes, built-up brackets, horizontal and vertical line drawing.

Dynamic relative or absolute positioning and size selection, globally or at the char-

acter level.

Can exploit the characteristics of the terminal being used, for approximating special

characters, reverse motions, proportional spacing, etc.

The Graphic Systems typesetter has a vocabulary of several 102-character fonts (4 simultaneously) in 15

sizes. TROFF provides terminal output for rough sampling of the product.

NROFF will produce multicolumn output on terminals capable of reverse line feed, or through the post-

processor COL.

High programming skill is required to exploit the formatting capabilities of TROFF and NROFF,

although unskilled personnel can easily be trained to enter documents according to canned formats such

as those provided by MS, below. TROFF and EQN are essentially identical to NROFF and NEQN so it

is usually possible to deﬁne interchangeable formats to produce approximate proof copy on terminals

before actual typesetting. The preprocessors MS, TBL, and REFER are fully compatible with TROFF

and NROFF.

MS A standardized manuscript layout package for use with NROFF/TROFF. This docu-

ment was formatted with MS.

Page numbers and draft dates.

Automatically numbered subheads.

Footnotes.

Single or double column.

Paragraphing, display and indentation.

Numbered equations.

EQN A mathematical typesetting preprocessor for TROFF. Translates easily readable formu-

las, either in-line or displayed, into detailed typesetting instructions. Formulas are

written in a style like this:

sigma sup 2 ˜=˜ 1 over N sum from i=1 to N ( x sub i – x bar ) sup 2

which produces:

_ _

i =1

−x



)

Automatic calculation of size changes for subscripts, sub-subscripts, etc.

Full vocabulary of Greek letters and special symbols, such as ‘gamma’, ‘GAMMA’,

‘integral’.

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Automatic calculation of large bracket sizes.

Vertical ‘‘piling’’ of formulae for matrices, conditional alternatives, etc.

Integrals, sums, etc., with arbitrarily complex limits.

Diacriticals: dots, double dots, hats, bars, etc.

Easily learned by nonprogrammers and mathematical typists.

NEQN A version of EQN for NROFF; accepts the same input language. Prepares formulas

for display on any terminal that NROFF knows about, for example, those based on

Diablo printing mechanism.

Same facilities as EQN within graphical capability of terminal.

TBL A preprocessor for NROFF/TROFF that translates simple descriptions of table layouts

and contents into detailed typesetting instructions.

Computes column widths.

Handles left- and right-justiﬁed columns, centered columns and decimal-point align-

ment.

Places column titles.

Table entries can be text, which is adjusted to ﬁt.

Can box all or parts of table.

REFER Fills in bibliographic citations in a document from a data base (not supplied).

References may be printed in any style, as they occur or collected at the end.

May be numbered sequentially, by name of author, etc.

TC Simulate Graphic Systems typesetter on Tektronix 4014 scope. Useful for checking

TROFF page layout before typesetting.

GREEK Fancy printing on Diablo-mechanism terminals like DASI-300 and DASI-450, and on

Tektronix 4014.

Gives half-line forward and reverse motions.

Approximates Greek letters and other special characters by overstriking.

COL Canonicalize ﬁles with reverse line feeds for one-pass printing.

DEROFF Remove all TROFF commands from input.

CHECKEQ Check document for possible errors in EQN usage.

4. Information Handling

SORT Sort or merge ASCII ﬁles line-by-line. No limit on input size.

Sort up or down.

Sort lexicographically or on numeric key.

Multiple keys located by delimiters or by character position.

May sort upper case together with lower into dictionary order.

Optionally suppress duplicate data.

TSORT Topological sort — converts a partial order into a total order.

UNIQ Collapse successive duplicate lines in a ﬁle into one line.

Publish lines that were originally unique, duplicated, or both.

May give redundancy count for each line.

TR Do one-to-one character translation according to an arbitrary code.

May coalesce selected repeated characters.

May delete selected characters.

DIFF Report line changes, additions and deletions necessary to bring two ﬁles into agree-

ment.

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