2023年Linux From Scratch 12.0完整指南：自建系统详解

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《Linux From Scratch (LFS)》第12.0版是一本由Gerard Beekmans创建并由Bruce Dubbs担任管理编辑的经典著作，于2023年9月1日发布。这本书的目的是指导读者从零开始构建自定义Linux发行版，通过实践理解操作系统内核和基础软件的构建过程。LFS强调了源代码级别的理解和实践，鼓励读者亲手创建自己的Linux系统，从而深入了解其内部工作原理。书中包含以下几个核心部分： 1. **版权与许可** - LFS版权由Gerard Beekmans持有，作品受到Creative Commons License的保护，允许一定程度的复制和修改。同时，书中提供的计算机指令遵循MIT License，这意味着用户可以根据该许可证进行学习和分享。 2. **目录** - 内容结构清晰，分为引言、准备构建阶段和后续章节。引言部分介绍了LFS的基本概念和目标，包括如何搭建系统、新版本的主要变化、变更日志以及推荐的学习资源和获取帮助的方式。 3. **第1章 - 引言** - 开篇阐述了如何使用LFS构建系统，强调了本书的核心理念，即通过手动安装和配置，掌握Linux系统的构建流程。同时，还讨论了新版本的变化以及对读者的期望。 4. **第2章 - 准备主机系统** - 这一章详细讲解了在构建LFS之前，需要准备的主机环境，包括硬件需求、操作系统要求以及确保系统干净和无干扰。 5. **包的选择与理念** - 在书的某个部分，作者解释了为何在书中选择特定的软件包，这可能涉及软件包管理、依赖关系的理解，以及LFS的策略，即尽量从源头编译而非使用预编译的软件包。 6. **字体与结构** - 对于书籍排版和组织结构也有提及，确保信息的清晰呈现和易于阅读。 7. **错误和安全提示** - 版本12.0中包含了关于可能存在的错误和安全注意事项，这在自定义系统构建过程中是非常重要的部分。通过阅读《Linux From Scratch》第12.0版，读者不仅可以学习到Linux系统的基础构建，还能提升编程、系统管理以及源代码阅读分析的能力。这对于想要深入理解Linux底层原理和想要创建定制化Linux发行版的开发者和爱好者来说，是一本不可或缺的参考资料。

Linux From Scratch - Version 12.0

• Psmisc

This package produces programs for displaying information about running processes. These programs are useful

for system administration.

• Python 3

This package provides an interpreted language that has a design philosophy emphasizing code readability.

• Readline

This package is a set of libraries that offer command-line editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.

• Sed

This package allows editing of text without opening it in a text editor. It is also needed by many LFS packages'

configure scripts.

• Shadow

This package contains programs for handling passwords securely.

• Sysklogd

This package supplies programs for logging system messages, such as those emitted by the kernel or daemon

processes when unusual events occur.

• Sysvinit

This package provides the init program, the parent of all the other processes on a running Linux system.

• Udev

This package is a device manager. It dynamically controls the ownership, permissions, names, and symbolic links

of device nodes in the /dev directory when devices are added to or removed from the system.

• Tar

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all the packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites.

• Texinfo

This package supplies programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package provides an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users. Any other editor can be

substituted, if you wish.

• Wheel

This package supplies a Python module that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging

standard.

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Linux From Scratch - Version 12.0

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

• Zstd

This package supplies compression and decompression routines used by some programs. It provides high

compression ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs.

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Note

Please configure your browser to display fixed-width text with a good monospace" font-size="9ptd font, with

which you can distinguish the glyphs of Il1 or O0 clearly.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

xvii

Linux From Scratch - Version 12.0

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the book uses passwd(5)

it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print the first man page it finds that

matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this example, you will need to run man 5 passwd

in order to read the page being specified. Note that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different

sections. Therefore, man <program name> is generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS Cross Toolchain and Temporary Tools

Part III provides instructions for building the tools needed for constructing the final LFS system.

Part IV - Building the LFS System

Part IV guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Part V - Appendices

Part V provides information about the book itself including acronyms and terms, acknowledgments, package

dependencies, a listing of LFS boot scripts, licenses for the distribution of the book, and a comprehensive index of

packages, programs, libraries, and scripts.

xviii

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WHS-John·Greg

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