Arduino nano mega328P：高性能低功耗微控制器

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"Arduino nano 是一款基于Atmel公司（现已被Microchip Technology收购）的ATmega328P微控制器的微型开发板。这款微控制器是高性能、低功耗的8位AVR微处理器，广泛应用于各种嵌入式系统设计，包括Arduino平台。" 在深入探讨Arduino nano mega328P的特性之前，我们先了解下核心部件——ATmega328P。这是一款基于先进的RISC架构的微控制器，具有以下主要特点： 1. **高性能、低功耗AVR微控制器**：ATmega328P设计时兼顾了性能和节能，适合电池供电或对能耗敏感的应用。 2. **高级RISC架构**：其拥有131条强大的指令集，大部分指令可在单个时钟周期内执行，提高了代码效率。32x8位通用工作寄存器确保了高效的数据处理能力。 3. **操作频率与吞吐量**：在20MHz的时钟频率下，它能够达到高达20 MIPS（百万指令每秒）的执行速度。此外，芯片内置的2周期乘法器进一步增强了计算性能。 4. **非易失性内存**：提供4/8/16/32KB的在系统可编程Flash程序存储器，具体容量取决于不同型号。同时，还有256/512/512/1KB的EEPROM和512/1K/1K/2KB的内部SRAM。这些内存可以承受10,000次的Flash写入/擦除循环，以及在特定温度下的长期数据保留能力。 5. **内存保护与编程**：支持在系统编程(ISP)，允许通过芯片上的引导加载程序进行程序更新。同时，它具有真正的读写同时操作功能，以及编程锁定机制，用于软件安全。 6. **外围设备功能**：包含两个8位定时器/计数器，每个都有独立的预分频器和比较模式；一个16位定时器/计数器，同样有独立的预分频器、比较模式和捕捉模式；一个实时计数器，带有独立振荡器；六个PWM通道；以及一个8通道10位ADC，适用于TQFP、QFN和MLF封装的版本。 7. **温度范围**：芯片可以在宽泛的温度范围内工作，如在85°C下至少20年的数据保留，在25°C下则可达100年。 Arduino nano的尺寸小巧，引脚布局紧凑，适合在空间有限的项目中使用。结合上述的ATmega328P特性，它成为DIY爱好者和电子工程师的首选平台，用于快速原型开发和创新项目。由于其丰富的外设和易于使用的开发环境，Arduino nano能轻松地实现各种复杂功能，如传感器接口、电机控制、无线通信等，为物联网(IoT)、智能家居、机器人和教育领域提供了强大的硬件基础。

8161DS–AVR–10/09

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

2. Overview

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the

AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing

the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

2.1 Block Diagram

Figure 2-1. Block Diagram

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the

32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent

registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting

PORT C (7)PORT B (8)PORT D (8)

USART 0

8bit T/C 2

16bit T/C 18bit T/C 0 A/D Conv.

Internal

Bandgap

Analog

Comp.

SPI TWI

SRAMFlash

EEPROM

Watchdog

Oscillator

Watchdog

Timer

Oscillator

Circuits /

Clock

Generation

Power

Supervision

POR / BOD &

RESET

VCC

GND

PROGRAM

LOGIC

debugWIRE

GND

AREF

AVCC

DATA BU S

ADC[6..7]PC[0..6]PB[0..7]PD[0..7]

RESET

XTAL[1..2]

CPU

8161DS–AVR–10/09

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than con-

ventional CISC microcontrollers.

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of In-

System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes

EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose work-

ing registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external

interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial

port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable

Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The

Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Inter-

face, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the

rupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing

the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduc-

tion mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize

switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is

running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low

power consumption.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The

On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI

serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot pro-

gram running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the

application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will

continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write

operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a powerful microcontroller that

provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system

development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators,

In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

2.2 Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in memory

sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 2-1 summarizes the different mem-

ory and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P support a real Read-While-Write Self-Pro-

gramming mechanism. There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM instruction can

only execute from there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write support and no sepa-

rate Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction can execute from the entire Flash.

Table 2-1. Memory Size Summary

Device Flash EEPROM RAM Interrupt Vector Size

ATmega48PA 4K Bytes 256 Bytes 512 Bytes 1 instruction word/vector

ATmega88PA 8K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 1 instruction word/vector

ATmega168PA 16K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 2 instruction words/vector

ATmega328P 32K Bytes 1K Bytes 2K Bytes 2 instruction words/vector

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