Pathfinder疏散软件详解：三维建模与智能逃生路径模拟

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Pathfinder是一款由美国Thunderhead Engineering公司开发的专业疏散模拟软件，主要用于建筑火灾或紧急情况下的人员疏散评估。该软件结合了图形用户界面设计和三维可视化技术，能够模拟复杂的人员运动路径，考虑个体的特性，如最高速度、出口选择等因素，并且支持与FDS模型的集成，实现火灾和疏散的同步模拟。其主要特点如下： 1. **快速建模**：Pathfinder允许用户快速创建模型，既可以内部建模，也可以导入DXF和FDS格式的图形文件，极大地提高了建模效率。 2. **三维动画效果**：通过三维动画展示，用户可以直观地了解灾难发生时的现场情况，便于理解疏散过程中的关键动态。 3. **区域划分与路径分析**：软件具备细致的区域划分功能，能够清晰显示各个区域内的人员逃生路线，帮助分析最佳疏散策略。 4. **个性化疏散路径和时间预测**：对于每个个体，Pathfinder都能精确计算出在灾难中的最优逃生路径和预计逃生时间，确保个体安全。 5. **两种运动模式**：SFPE模式基于流量选择原则，而steering模式则采用路径规划和碰撞处理，模拟更真实的人群行为，当人群拥挤时，软件会动态调整路径以适应情况。 6. **责任声明与警告**：使用Pathfinder需用户自行负责，软件不承担任何法律担保，用户需根据自身专业判断其适用性，因为模型可能无法对所有实际情境做出准确预测，结果可能需要经过有经验的专业人士评估。 Pathfinder适用于具有疏散建模经验的专业人员，作为他们决策支持的工具，但使用者必须意识到模型的预测能力可能存在局限性，结果的准确性取决于用户的专业判断。此外，Pathfinder的研发还得到了美国国家科学基金会（NSF）的小企业创新研究（SBIR）项目的支持，这体现了其在紧急疏散模拟领域的创新性和先进性。

Pathfinder User Manual

Figure 3: An example time history graph

Model Representation

The m o v e m e n t e n v i r o n m e n t i s a 3D triangulated mesh designed to match the real dimensions of a

building model. This movement mesh can be entered manually or automatically based on imported

data (e.g. FDS geometry).

Walls and other impassable areas are represented as gaps in the navigation mesh. These objects are not

actually passed along to the simulator, but are represented implicitly because occupants cannot move in

places where no navigation mesh has been created.

Doors are represented as special navigation mesh edges. In all simulations, doors provide a mechanism

for joining rooms and tracking occupant flow. Depending on the specific selection of simulation options,

doors may also be used to explicitly control occupant flow.

Stairways are also represented as special navigation mesh edges and triangles. Occupant movement

speed is reduced to a factor of their level travel speed based on the incline of the stairway. Each

stairway implicitly defines two doors. These doors function just like any other door in the simulator but

are controlled via the stairway editor in the user interface to ensure that no geometric errors result from

a mismatch between stairways and the connecting doors.

Occupants are modeled as upright cylinders on the movement mesh and travel using an agent-based

technique called inverse steering. Each occupant calculates movements independently and can be given

a unique set of parameters (maximum speed, exit choice, 3D model, etc).

Pathfinder User Manual

Simulation Modes

Pathfinder supports two movement simulation modes. In "Steering" mode, doors do not act to limit the

flow of occupants, but occupants use the stee ring system to maintain a reasonable separation distance.

In SFPE mode, occupants make no attempt to avoid one another and are allowed to interpenetrate, but

doors impose a flow limit and velocity is controlled by density.

You can freely switch between the two modes within the Pathfinder user interface and compare

answers. More information about both modes is provided in the Technical Reference manual.

Limitations and Known Issues

This version of Pathfinder only simulates movement to exits.

It also does not integrate results from a fire model or provide support for complex behaviors (e.g. family

grouping).

Dynamic geometry is not supported (e.g. opening/closing doors, elevators, moving objects).

Occupants make no attempt to optimize door loads when exiting rooms. This is particularly noticeable

when working with divided doors. If two doors are available and one provides a shorter path to an

occupant's exit, the occupant will always attempt to use this door - even if, due to the door queue, the

path would result in a slower evacuation time. The workaround for this issue is to merge divided doors

or otherwise modify the doorway geometry to avoid requiring occupant to intelligently select a doorway

mid-simulation.

The initial delay feature can sometimes cause occupants to form unnecessary queues. If an occupant

has not yet begun to evacuate, but is standing directly in the path of another occupant that is actively

evacuating, the active occupant will occasionally not proceed until the delaying occupant moves. This is

due to the limited resolution of the inverse steering algorithm. If the active occupant cannot identify a

direction of travel that allows progress along its path, it will wait for the first occupant to move.

Simulator Name

The name Pathfinder has been used previously to describe an egress simulator. The original Pathfinder

is a 2D egress simulator created and used internally by Rolf Jensen and Associates. While the original

Pathfinder inspired some of the features of the new simulator, the simulator described in this manual

does not use any of the code from the original Pathfinder software.

Thunderhead Engineering

403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite B

Manhattan, KS 66502-6081

USA

Pathfinder User Manual

2.0 Pathfinder Basics

Pathfinder provides three main views for working on evacuation models: t h e 2D View, 3D v iew , and

Navigation View. These views represent your current model. If an object is added, removed, or selected

in one view, the other views will simultaneously reflect the change. Each view is briefly described below.

• Navigation V i e w : This view lists all objects in the model in a hierarchical format. It can be used

to quickly locate and modify objects by name.

• 3 D V i e w : This view shows a 3D representation of the current model. The model can be

explored and modified using various tools.

• 2 D V i e w : This view is very similar to the 3D View, but it provides an additional snapping grid

and an orthographic view of the model.

Navigation View

The Navigation View helps you quickly find objects and data that are

not always easily accessible from the 3D and 2D views.

The Navigation View is arranged in four groups:

1. The Imported geometry g roup stores items that were imported

from an FDS, PyroSim, or 3D DXF model. These objects do not

affect the simulation but are carried through to help with

results analysis. They can also be used to automatically extract

rooms.

2. The Profiles group contains the occupant profiles that have

been created using the Edit Profiles di al og .

3. The Occupants group contains every occupant in the model. If

occupants are added to the model using a tool that adds more

than one occupant at a time, they will be collected in a sub-

group.

4. The Floors group contains the floor, stairway, and door definitions for the model. This group is

sub-divided by floor (based on the state of the Floor box when each object is created).

The buttons directly above the Navigation V ie w perform the following actions:

Auto Expand Selection when an object (or occupant) in the 3D or 2D view is selected, this

action will expand the groups of the Navigation V ie w as needed to show the selected object.

Collapse All collapses all expanded groups in the Navigation View.

Expand All expands all groups in the Navigation V ie w (including sub-groups)

The Floor b o x above the v ie w can be used to manage floors. Any time a room, stair, or door is created it

is added to a floor group matching the current selection in the Floor box. Changing the selection in the

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