Arduino进阶实践：10个复杂项目探索

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"Arduino Playground" 是一本由Warren Andrews编写的关于Arduino进阶项目的书籍，旨在帮助已经掌握基础技能的Arduino爱好者进一步提升他们的硬件和电子技术知识。此书通过10个复杂项目来引导读者实践，包括反应时间游戏、自制电路板蚀刻工具、可调电压电源、LED装饰的自动腕表卷绕器、车库停车辅助系统、pH计、弹道测速仪、电池保护装置、方波发生器和彩色LED显示的温度计。这本书目前处于早期访问阶段，可能有不完整或未校对的章节，出版社鼓励读者提供反馈以帮助改进。在这些项目中，读者将学习如何充分利用Arduino的实时处理能力，设计实用工具和趣味装置。例如，反应时间游戏展示了Arduino的实时响应特性，而电路板蚀刻工具则涉及到电子设计的基础知识。可调电压电源项目则需要理解电源的工作原理和电路设计。LED装饰的自动腕表卷绕器不仅展示了机械运动与电子控制的结合，还涉及LED编程。车库停车辅助系统利用传感器技术，帮助用户准确停放车辆。pH计项目则需要掌握化学测量和信号处理，而弹道测速仪则涉及高速测量技术。电池保护装置防止电池意外放电，涉及到电源管理和保护电路的设计。方波发生器是电子工程中常见的信号发生设备，而彩色LED温度计则将视觉元素与温度传感技术相结合。本书的技术审查者是Scott Collier，确保了内容的准确性和实用性。No Starch Press作为出版商，以其高质量的科技图书著称，而本书的封面插图由Josh Ellingson创作。此外，该书还有专门的编辑团队负责内容开发、技术审核、复制编辑等工作，确保了书籍的专业性。通过参与早期访问计划，读者可以在新章节发布时收到电子邮件通知，提前体验并参与到书中内容的完善过程中。读者的反馈对书本的最终出版起着重要作用，有助于提高书籍的质量和实用性。如果你对书中的内容有任何意见或建议，可以通过电子邮件earlyaccess@nostarch.com与出版社联系。

The Reaction-Time Machine 7

16. Connect a 10-kilohm resistor from pin D7 on the Nano to the red

strip (5V).

17. Connect a 10-kilohm resistor from pin D2 on the Nano to the red

strip (5V).

18. Connect the anode side of the LED (the longer leg) to the red strip

on the breadboard (5V) and the cathode side to an empty row on the

breadboard.

19. Connect a 470-ohm resistor from the cathode side of the LED to pin D4

on the Nano.

Upload the Reaction_19.ino sketch to the Arduino Nano (see “Uploading

a Sketch to the Arduino” on page XX), and you should now be ready to go.

Figure 1-3 shows the breadboard laid out with the switches dangling from

their wires.

Figure 1-3: The breadboard setup for the Reaction-Time Machine. Because there is no

on/off switch, you have to disconnect the battery to shut it off.

The Arduino Sketch

The sketch is the actual computer program that tells the Arduino what

to do and when to do it. It is written in a language of its own that com-

prises structures, variables, arrays, functions, and so on, which represent a

recipe for the microcontroller to follow. This language is converted into a

sequence of zeros and ones that are routed to various parts of the control-

ler and can perform storage, timing, comparison, arithmetic functions,

and more.

10 Chapter 1

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 3);

lcd.print(" ");

while(digitalRead(7) == 1); //Wait for response

stop_time = millis(); //Complete timing cycle

}

reacttime = stop_time - start_time;

if(reacttime < 70) { //Jump the gun indicator

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Too anxious. You");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("(Jumped the Gun)");

lcd.setCursor(0, 3);

lcd.print("Could be Fatal!");

}

score();

Halt:

while(digitalRead(2) == 1);

}

The #include lines initiate the libraries: the I

C library, Wire.h, establishes

the rules for I

C communications, and the LiquidCrystal library allows the

Arduino to control LCDs. Then, we deﬁne the seven variables used to calcu-

late reaction time. Next, setup () sets up the serial communication—in case

you want to adjust the code and view it on the serial monitor—and deﬁnes

various pins as inputs and outputs. Inputs are required for the reset and

stop buttons, and an output pin is deﬁned for the LED that tells the player

when to press the stop button.

Customized Reaction Commentary

One of the most entertaining aspects of this project is the chance to get

creative when displaying the player’s reaction time. After setup(), the sketch

shows a function called score(), which lists different comments that could

be displayed on the LCD based on the participant’s response speed. A func-

tion may not necessarily be the most efﬁcient approach (a look-up table or

other approach could also have been used), but it works well enough. I used

only a single scoring function in this iteration; however, you could easily

deﬁne as many as you like and change your sketch to select one. For example,

you might write a second function called

score1() that could include a dif-

ferent set of comments and timing. Then, to switch from one function

to the other, you’d have to change only the line that calls score() to call

score1() instead.

The Reaction-Time Machine 11

To customize the sketch to include comments that could refer to your

own friends or family members, you can simply enter your comments in

place of the ones that are in my sketch. Don’t forget to keep the text you

want to print to the LCD in quotes so the Arduino recognizes the printable

characters.

A word on the reaction time itself: each comment is for a range of reac-

tion times of either 5 or 10 ms. I selected these ranges arbitrarily. After

you play with the Reaction-Time Machine for a bit, you may wish to change

these ranges based on the fact that users’ responses may cluster around

a particular area, such as from 195 to 225 ms. I found that many reaction

times were in the 190 to 250 ms range, but your friends and family may be

different. In that case, you can separate the comments by as little as 1 or

2 ms so players don’t keep getting the same comment.

You can add as many comments as you wish, up to one comment per

milli second. If you accidentally overlap the times, the sketch may not compile.

note You can ﬁnd reaction-time measurement tools on the Web if you want to see how

your game’s measurements compare. However, their accuracy is suspect because of

the latency in the PC itself.

on Writing CoDe to set Up lCDs

There are a few points to note about the setup of the LCD display. The sketch

uses a LiquidCrystal library, LiquidCrystal_I2C.h. If this library is not included

in your Arduino IDE, you can easily download it using the instructions pro-

vided in the reference section on the Arduino website (http://www.arduino

.cc/reference/).

In addition, each I

C device comes with its own I

C address. This allows

several I

C devices to be used on a single serial line. Usually the device docu-

mentation provides the address—in the case of the I

C LCD I used, the address

was 0x3F. Thus, when the sketch initiates the LCD, the code looks like this:

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd (0x3F, 20, 4);

However, different displays come with different addresses. If you have an

C device that you do not have an address for, you can easily ﬁnd the address

by hooking up the device to an Arduino, downloading a scanner sketch from

http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/i2cScanner/, and running the sketch. The

scanner sketch should display the I

C address on the serial monitor.

Many projects in this book use similar code to work with an LCD, so refer

to this box any time you need a refresher on how that code works.

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