Op Amp应用手册：全面指南

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"《运算放大器应用手册》(OpAmpApplicationsHandbook)是由Walt Jung编辑，并由Analog Devices公司的技术团队共同完成的一本专著。该书是Analog Devices系列的一部分，旨在深入探讨运算放大器（Op Amp）在电子工程中的各种应用。这本手册涵盖了运算放大器的基础理论、设计原则，以及它们在信号处理、滤波、比较器、模拟乘法器、数据转换、功率放大等众多领域的实际应用实例。本书的特色在于其详尽的讲解和丰富的实践指导，适合工程师、学生以及对运算放大器感兴趣的业余爱好者参考。版权方面，2005年出版时，所有内容受到Analog Devices, Inc.的严格保护，未经许可，任何形式的复制、存储、检索或传输都必须得到事先书面授权。想要获取权限的读者可以通过Elsevier的科学和技术权利部门联系，或者在线通过Elsevier网站的客户服务获得许可。在内容上，《运算放大器应用手册》首先介绍了运算放大器的基本概念，包括它们的工作原理、特点和局限性。接着，作者深入解析了如何选择合适的运算放大器，考虑的因素包括带宽、输入失调电压、噪声性能等。书中详细剖析了电路设计技巧，如如何利用运算放大器实现线性放大、缓冲、隔离和隔离放大等，以及如何构建高精度的测量系统。对于高级应用，如模数转换器和数字信号处理，手册提供了实用的电路设计案例，让读者了解如何将运算放大器与微控制器和其他数字元件集成，实现复杂的数据处理功能。此外，书中还涉及到了运算放大器在功率放大和音频应用中的应用，包括线性放大、功率放大部分的稳定性分析和设计策略。总结来说，《运算放大器应用手册》是一本权威且实用的指南，它不仅提供理论知识，更注重实操应用，是每一位从事电子工程或希望深入了解运算放大器工作原理和应用的读者不可或缺的参考资料。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的工程师，都能从中找到提升技能和解决实际问题的宝贵资源。"

1928

Harold S. Black applies for patent on his feedback

ampliﬁ er invention.

1930

Harry Nyquist applies for patent on his regenera-

tive ampliﬁ er (patent issued in 1933).

1937

U.S. Patent No. 2,102,671 issued to H.S. Black for

“Wave Translation System.”

B.D.H. Tellegen publishes a paper on feedback

ampliﬁ ers, with attributions to H.S. Black and K.

Posthumus.

Hendrick Bode ﬁ les for an ampliﬁ er patent, issued

in 1938.

1941

Stewart Miller publishes an article with techniques

for high and stable gain with response to dc, intro-

ducing “cathode compensation.”

Testing of prototype gun director system called the

T10 using feedback ampliﬁ ers. This later leads to

the M9, a weapon system instrumental in winning

WWII.

Patent ﬁ led by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell Labs

for a “Summing Ampliﬁ er,” with a design that

could well be the genesis of op amps. Patent not

issued until 1946.

1946

George Philbrick founds company, George A.

Philbrick Researches, Inc. (GAP/R). His work

was instrumental in op amp development.

1947

Medal for Merit award given to Bell Labs’s M9

designers Lovell, Parkinson, and Kuhn. Other con-

tributors to this effort include Bode and Shannon.

Operational ampliﬁ ers ﬁ rst referred to by name

in Ragazzini’s key paper “Analysis of Problems

in Dynamics by Electronic Circuits.” It refer-

ences the Bell Labs work on what became the M9

gun director, speciﬁ cally referencing the op amp

circuits used.

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of Bell Labs

discover the transistor effect.

1948

George A. Philbrick publishes article describing

a single-tube circuit that performs some op amp

functions.

1949

Edwin A. Goldberg invents chopper-stabilized

vacuum tube op amp.

1952

Granino and Theresa Korn publish textbook Elec-

tronic Analog Computers, which becomes a classic

work on the uses and methodology of analog com-

puting, with vacuum tube op amp circuits.

1953

First commercially available vacuum tube op amp

introduced by GAP/R.

1954

Gordon Teal of Texas Instruments develops a

silicon transistor.

1956

GAP/R publishes manual for K2-W and related

ampliﬁ ers, that becomes a seminal reference.

Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Bardeen, Brat-

tain, and Shockley of Bell Labs for the transistor.

Burr-Brown Research Corporation formed. It be-

comes an early modular solid-state op amp supplier.

Op Amp History Highlights

Within Chapter 1, discussions are focused on the basic aspects of op amps. After a brief introductory

section, this begins with the fundamental topology differences between the two broadest classes of op

amps, those using voltage feedback and current feedback. These two ampliﬁ er types are distinguished more

by the nature of their internal circuit topologies than anything else. The voltage feedback op amp topol-

ogy is the classic structure, having been used since the earliest vacuum tube based op amps of the 1940s

and 1950s, through the ﬁ rst IC versions of the 1960s, and includes most op amp models produced today.

The more recent IC variation of the current feedback ampliﬁ er has come into popularity in the mid-to-late

1980s, when higher speed IC op amps were developed. Factors distinguishing these two op amp types are

discussed at some length.

Details of op amp input and output structures are also covered in this chapter, with emphasis on how such

factors potentially impact application performance. In some senses, it is logical to categorize op amp types

into performance and/or application classes, a process that works to some degree, but not altogether.

In practice, once past those obvious application distinctions such as “high speed” versus “precision,” or

“single” versus “dual supply,” neat categorization breaks down. This is simply the way the analog world

works. There is much crossover between various classes, i.e., a high speed op amp can be either single or

dual-supply, or it may even ﬁ t as a precision type. A low power op amp may be precision, but it need not

necessarily be single-supply, and so on. Other distinction categories could include the input stage type, such

as FET input (further divided into JFET or MOS, which, in turn, are further divided into NFET or PFET

and PMOS and NMOS, respectively), or bipolar (further divided into NPN or PNP). Then, all of these

categories could be further described in terms of the type of input (or output) stage used.

So, it should be obvious that categories of op amps are like an inﬁ nite set of analog gray scales; they don’t

always ﬁ t neatly into pigeonholes, and we shouldn’t expect them to. Nevertheless, it is still very useful to

appreciate many of the aspects of op amp design that go into the various structures, as these differences

directly inﬂ uence the optimum op amp choice for an application. Thus structure differences are application

drivers, since we choose an op amp to suit the nature of the application—for example, single-supply.

In this chapter various op amp performance speciﬁ cations are also discussed, along with those speciﬁ ca-

tion differences that occur between the broad distinctions of voltage or current feedback topologies, as well

as the more detailed context of individual structures. Obviously, op amp speciﬁ cations are also application

drivers; in fact, they are the most important since they will determine system performance. We choose the

best op amp to ﬁ t the application, based on the required bias current, bandwidth, distortion, and so forth.

CHAPTER 1

Op Amp Basics

James Bryant, Walt Jung, Walt Kester

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